Speech Sound Disorders Terminology

Question 1

minimal contrast

Answer 1

2 words or phonemes that are 1 feature different

Question 2

maximal contrast

Answer 2

2 words or phonemes that are more than 1 feature different

Question 3

phonetics

Answer 3

how phonemes are produced by articulators

Question 4

phonemic

Answer 4

the way phonemes carry meaning

Question 5

phonetic inventory

Answer 5

a list of all the sounds the client is able to produce even if used in the wrong context

Question 6

phonemic inventory

Answer 6

a list of all the sounds a client can produce when they’re used to convey meaning

Question 7

articulation

Answer 7

The totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of speech.
Surface level speech representation.
Can be described using accuracy and placement of articulators, tension and force, duration and speed, and air pressure

Question 8

phonology

Answer 8

Patterns of phonemes that occur in a language.
Underlying language representation.
Describes inventory and arrangement of sound units.

Question 9

articulation disorder

Answer 9

Impaired motor production of speech sounds resulting in distortions.
A movement error at the phonetic level with speech impacts.
Less often impacts intelligibility because there is still sound contrast.

Question 10

phonological disorder

Answer 10

Impaired comprehension and or use of the sound system of a language resulting in omissions or substitutions.
Described as non-age-appropriate error patterns.
More often impacts intelligibility.

Question 11

omission/deletion

Answer 11

Speech sound omitted.
Common in phonological disorders.

Question 12

substitution

Answer 12

Standard speech sound substituted for another standard speech sound.
Common in phonological disorders.

Question 13

distortion

Answer 13

Nonstandard speech sound substituted for a standard speech sound.
Common in articulation disorders.

Question 14

phonological awareness

Answer 14

Awareness of the phonolgical units in a language.
How words are made of sounds and how sounds make up words.
Can children identify and manipulate sounds of their language.
Very important for reading and literacy.

Question 15

coarticulation

Answer 15

Movement involved in producing one sound influences the sounds around it to produce the allophonic variation of the phoneme.
Because of the speed articulators move with.

Question 16

assimilation

Answer 16

Target sound becomes more like the sounds around it.
Not allophonic variation.

Question 17

speech delay

Answer 17

Typical speech production errors for younger children that occur in older children.
2-10 yrs.
Intervention can lead to typical speech development by 6 yrs.

Question 18

speech disorder

Answer 18

Atypical speech production error pattern not seen in any typical development.

Question 19

speech difference

Answer 19

Speech sound production differences attributed to linguistic or cultural factors such as accents or dialects.

Question 20

intelligibility

Answer 20

Subjective judgement made by a listener about how much can be understood.
Can be quantified as number of words understood and written as %.
Artic disorders more intelligible than phon disorders.

Question 21

GIFTA

Answer 21

Common test to measure intelligibility in connected speech.

Question 22

severity

Answer 22

Qualitative judgement of the number of sound errors and error patterns compared to normative data to determine impact.
Ranges from mild to severe.
Age dependent.

Question 23

consistent pattern

Answer 23

A specific error occurs more than 40% of the time.

Question 24

mild severity

Answer 24

Not very many speech errors.
Less concern, might not refer child.

Question 25

moderate severity

Answer 25

Unfamiliar listeners have trouble understanding.
Difficulty with whole classes of sounds.
Syllable structure still intact.

Question 26

severe

Answer 26

Most/all listeners have trouble understanding.
Lots of deletions and substitutions.
More likely to use gestures and be frustrated with communication.
Syllable structure not intact.

Question 27

place-manner-voice paradigm

Answer 27

Location of constriction, degree or type of constriction, presence or absence of VF vibration.

Question 28

phoneme order of acquisition

Answer 28

nasals, stops, glides, fricatives, affricates and liquids

Question 29

phonological processes

Answer 29

Phonological systems that deviate from the adult form.
Not atypical unless they continue past a certain age or don’t appear in other children of that same age.

Question 30

most common processes in typical development

Answer 30

Final consonant deletion.
Cluster reduction.
Reduplication.
Weak syllable deletion.
Stopping.
Fronting.
Gliding.

Question 31

least common processes in typical development

Answer 31

Velar assimilation.
Prevocalic voicing.
Gliding fricatives.
affrication
denasalization
initial consonant deletion
backing

Question 32

early disappearing processes (under 4 yrs)

Answer 32

assimilation, reduplication, affrication, final consonant deletion, fronting, unstressed syllable deletion

Question 33

later disappearing processes (over 4 yrs)

Answer 33

stopping, cluster reduction, deaffrication, vocalization, depalatalization, gliding, epenthesis

Question 34

Dodd’s sound error classification

Answer 34

Articulation disorder, phonological delay, consistent deviant phonological disorder, inconsistent deviant phonological disorder.
Focuses on linguistic subtypes.

Question 35

Shriberg’s sound error classification

Answer 35

normalized, speech delay, motor speech disorders, residual speech errors.
Focuses on motor production and genetic/environmental risk factors.

Question 36

speech sound disorder

Answer 36

Includes both articulation and phonological disorders as a neutral umbrella term.
Most prevalent communication disorder in children.

Question 37

SSD prevalence

Answer 37

2-25% school-age kids
50% of 3-10 yr olds with communication disorder
Slightly higher in boys.
Increases risk for literacy issuses.

Question 38

SSD etiology types

Answer 38

Functional: no known cause
Organic: known cause

Question 39

Functional SSD

Answer 39

No clear explanation.
Articulation and phonological disorders not caused by execution or planning or sensory/structural issues.
Hypotheses include: motor learning, habit strength, environment, psychosocial, receptive deficits

Question 40

types of organic SSD

Answer 40

structural, perceptual/sensory, motor,

Question 41

structural SSD (organic)

Answer 41

Structural malformation with teeth, hard palate, or tongue.
Impacts what medical professionals we involve or if we want to recommend treatment.
Ex: baby teeth fell out, compensation strategy habits

Question 42

perceptual/sensory SSD (organic)

Answer 42

Hearing loss is affecting perceptual feedback and cues.
Maybe due to otitis media or sensorineural HL.

Question 43

motor SSD (organic)

Answer 43

Difficulty planning and sequencing motor movement for speech (apraxia), and motor execution (dysarthria).

Question 44

dysarthria

Answer 44

Muscle-related issue, either spasticity or weakness, that makes speech slurred/slow and labored, or too tight.
Due to PNS/CNS damage.

Question 45

childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)

Answer 45

Difficulty finding correct placement for speech sound even with cueing and prompting within speech.
Can get correct placement when sounds are in isolation.
Therapy is intensive and involves lots of motor work and repetitions.
Speech sound errors continue into adulthood even with intervention.
3% of the population with SSD.

Question 46

delay in speech development characteristics

Answer 46

small phonetic and phonemic inventory, phoneme collapse (few phonemes used for all phonemes), target-substitution relationship (pattern to substitutions!! Hallmark), reduced intelligibility