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Speech Science > Speech Science > Flashcards

Speech Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Speech Science

A

Study of:
Articulation and physiology of speech production

The acoustical characteristics of speech

The processes by which listeners perceive speech

Important Because it Allows us to:

Understand normal speech production and perception

Develop instruments for studying speech and hearing

Disseminate results of research to benefit colleagues and students

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2
Q

Speech

A

Primary mode of communication

It is efficient
It is redundant
Genetically endowed

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3
Q

Human Vocal Tract

A

Extends from back of mouth down through trachea to lungs

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4
Q

Vocal folds/cords

A

Near top of human vocal tract (lower in non-humans)

Primary purpose is to protect lungs

Extend from Adam’s apple to back of larynx to act as barrier to foreign objects entering lungs

Reflexive cough activated when anything other than air comes in contact with vocal folds

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5
Q

Secondary purpose of vocal folds

A

To produce speech

Air supply in lungs moves upward to vocal folds
Upper movement of air results in vibration of vocal folds
Vibration results in sound (voice)
Air sent to oral cavity (mouth)

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6
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap that covers trachea during swallowing

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7
Q

Larynx

A

(voice box)

top part of windpipe with folds of membrane that vibrate during speech (vocal folds)

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8
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe to lungs

in front of esophagus that goes to stomach

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9
Q

Lungs

A

not technically part of tract but necessary for air supply for speech

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10
Q

Primary purpose of human vocal tract

A

To protect lungs

epiglottis
vocal folds
trachea

All close to prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs

Cough Reflex activates when these fail

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11
Q

Language

A

A rule governed communication system composed of meaningful elements that can be combined in many ways to produce sentences, some of which are novel.

The ability to express thoughts in spoken or written language and the ability to comprehend the thoughts expressed by other people either in speech or in writing.

It is unique to humans
It is essentially similar in all humans

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12
Q

Foreign Language

A

Sounds complex
Difficult
Talk faster

We don’t recognize the sounds, the words or the rules governing the language

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13
Q

Language Definition

A

The comprehension and/or use of spoken, written and/or other symbol systems.
Language involves:

Form (phonology, morphology, syntax)
Content (semantics)
Function (pragmatics)

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14
Q

Form of Language

A

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

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15
Q

Phonology

A

the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

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16
Q

Syntax

A

the system governing the order and combination of words to form sentences, and the relationships among the elements within a sentence.

17
Q

Morphology

A

the system that governs the structure of words and the construction of word forms

18
Q

Content of Language

A

Semantics

19
Q

Semantics

A

the system that governs the meanings of words and sentences

20
Q

Function of Language

A

Pragmatics

21
Q

Pragmatics

A

the system that combines the above language components in functional and socially appropriate communication.

22
Q

Language Characteristics

A

Not synonymous with “speech”

Requires the use of speech or gestures or visual icons
Cannot be taught to other species
(see information on birds and chimpanzees)

Has universal features that occur in all languages, i.e. grammar: Nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc

Develops in similar sequence in all similar languages: Individual differences in development occur but sequence remains same for typical development

23
Q

Thought

A

An internal representation of experiences
Can be in the form of images (visual), action (kinesthetic), or language (auditory)

Can be independent of language: ex Aphasia
Deaf children

Piaget concluded that cognition develops on its own: Language interacts with cognition, but does not determine the thinking

24
Q

Behavioral/Learning Theory of Language Acquisition

A

Focuses on the observable and measurable aspects of language behavior

Emphasize performance over competence (function of language)

Language is a skill learned like any other behavior

Empiricist view – learned behavior molded by the environment

B.F. Skinner – environment shapes behavior – speech is not rule governed, but shaped by stituations

25
Q

Behavioral Learning Approaches

A

Classical conditioning – process of forming associations between stimuli and response

Operant conditioning – behaviors are rewarded or punished

26
Q

Linguistic/Innate Language Acquisition Theory

A

Language is innate: Noam Chomsky

Genetically determined language capacity and similar across the human species

Universal grammar

Language acquisition device (LAD) – innate language component – cannot be “learned”

Children are programmed to learn language

Biased towards the structural and nativist positions

Proof – infants focus on linguistically significant sounds
Overgeneralization rule – “I taked the cookie.”
Critical period (Lenneberg’s theory)

27
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

Developed the mathematics of resonance
That puffs of air emitted between the vibrating vocal folds are the acoustic source of voice

That the harmonics of the voice are resonated in the pharynx and oral cavities

That vowels are recognized because of distinctive resonances

28
Q

Henry Sweet

A

Served as the model for Shaw’s Henry Higgins

Transcription system was precursor of the ITPA

29
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Inventor of the telephone

Teacher of the deaf

30
Q

R.H. Stetson

A

Developed and refined objective methods for measuring the movements of the respiratory mechanism and the articulators in speech production

Palatography – measures points of contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth

31
Q

Homer W. Dudley

A

Electrical engineer
Pioneer in speech synthesis
Voder – synthesized continuous speech by electric circuits
Focused on the acoustics of speech more so than the articulation of sounds
His ideas form the basis for modern conceptualizations of the speech production process

32
Q

Cooper, Liberman, Delattre

A 
Speech perception
Pattern playback
See the entire acoustic pattern
Hear how it sounded
Modify it

Speech Science (9 decks)

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