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Speech Science > Neurology & Respiration > Flashcards

Neurology & Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Speech Process

A

Not an isolated phenomena

Goal is to produce meaningful sound combinations

Speaker uses air to make a number of sounds that vary

Sounds are produced by regulating the airstream

Regulation is brought about by movements of the articulators

Movements result of muscle contractions controlled by nerve impulses

Controlled by the nervous system

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2
Q

CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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4
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized to receive, conduct and transmit nerve impulses

Transmit information in the form of nerve impluses: From cell to cell, From cell to muscle, gland etc.

Assume many shapes and lengths

Always have a cell body and extensions that receive and transmit impulses

The rate of nerve impulse conduction depends on the presence or absence of myelin

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5
Q

Efferent

A

Motor Neuron

carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery

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6
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory neuron

carry impulses from the peripheral sense organs to the CNS

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7
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty deposit surrounding nerves/neurons

The term white matter (myelin has a fatty, whitish appearance) is often used to describe parts of the nervous system

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8
Q

Neuron Conduction

A

Conduction from one neuron to another involves the release of chemicals at the synapse

Some chemicals facilitate the firing of the next cell and others inhibit firing

The chemicals act to bridge the small space between the fibers of the terminal arbor of the transmitting neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron

There are approximately 1 trillion such synapses in the human brain

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information from axons

many arms

surround cell body

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10
Q

Axon terminals

A

transmits and establishes contact with another cell

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11
Q

Synapse

A

site of contact

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12
Q

Axon

A

conducts information to dendrites

one long “tail”

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13
Q

Parts of the Brain

A

Cerebrum - larger, front portion
Cerebellum - back, small, above brain stem
Brain stem

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two hemispheres

Four lobes:
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
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15
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A 
(Executive Functioning, thinking; Broca's)
Behavior
Abstract thought
Problem solving
Attention
Creative thought
Some emotion
Intellect
Reflection
Skilled movements
Physical reaction
Judgment
Initiative
Inhibition
Coordination of movements
Generalized and mass movements
Some eye movements
Sense of smell
Muscle movements
Libido
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16
Q

Occipital Lobe Functions

A

Vision

Reading

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17
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A

(Mostly Sensory Information)

Sense of touch
Appreciation of form through touch
Response to internal stimuli
Sensory combination and comprehension
Some language and reading functions
Some visual functions
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18
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A

(Hearing, Language Processing)

Auditory memories
Some hearing
Visual memories
Some vision pathways
Other memory
Music
Fear
Some language
Some speech
Some behavior and emotions
Sense of identity
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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little Brain

Balance
Posture
Cardiac, respiratory

20
Q

Brain Stem

A

Motor and sensory pathway to body and face

Unconscious Life functions
Vital centers: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor

21
Q

Left hemisphere

A

controls movement on the right side of the body

produce and understand language

Dominant for the control of speech in almost all right-handed people and most left-handed people

Area around the temporal-parietal juncture is critical for language in general

22
Q

Right hemisphere

A

controls movement on the left side of the body

temporal and spatial relationships

analyzing nonverbal information

communicating emotion

23
Q

aphasia

A

Damage to cells of the brain caused by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessel cause a language impairment

Disabilities in: 
forming utterances
comprehension
articulation
reading
writing
naming
24
Q

Spoonerisms

A

Evidence for planning
speakers hold a complete phase in a stage of readiness for speech

word reversals/phoneme reversals

stress and intonation of the phrase or sentence remain constant in the face of word changes

25
Q

Paul Broca

A

Speech production was controlled in the 3rd convolution of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere

26
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Localized the understanding of speech in the first convolution of the left temporal lobe

27
Q

Connective Fibers between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Arcuate fasciculus

28
Q

Penfield & Roberts

A

Stimulated areas of the brain to map the cortex before surgery

Dominance determined by Wada Test;
Sodium amobarbital

29
Q

Function of the Spinal Cord

A

A. Serve as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord.

B. Serve as a conduit for sensory information, which travels up the spinal cord.

C. Serve as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

(Efferent, afferent, reflexes)

30
Q

PNS & Speech

A

We know more about the PNS vs. the CNS

The circuitry of the PNS has been mapped

Cranial nerves emerge from the base of the brain

Many activate groups of muscles important to speech production

Spinal nerves activate muscles used in the control of respiration for speech

31
Q

Sound Producers

A

vocal folds, tongue, lips, jaw and soft palate

32
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

– Trigeminal (sensory & motor)

33
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

– Facial (sensory & motor)

34
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

– Glossopharyngeal (sensory & motor)

35
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

– Vagus (sensory & motor)

36
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

– Spinal Accessory (motor)

37
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

– Hypoglossal (motor)

38
Q

Sound Resonators

A

the mouth, pharynx, and nasal cavities

39
Q

Sound Production

A

English has approximately 40 phonemes

They are all created by making exhaled air audible

Two methods for making airflow audible
Phonation
Consonant noises

40
Q

Phonation

A

Created by the rapid opening and closing of the glottis

The continuous flow of air from the lungs is chopped into a discontinuous series of tiny audible puffs of air

Periodic sound wave – recurring at equal intervals of time

(Vowels)

41
Q

Consonant Production

A

Created by positioning articulators so that they form occlusions or constrictions in the vocal tract

As the flow or air is released from the occlusions or channeled through the constrictions, aperiodic sounds are created

Most often in the mouth or oral cavity

Both the sounds of phonation and consonant noise are resonated in the vocal tract

42
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing

A

Flow of air into and out of the air reservoir of an accordion is analogous to what occurs in the lungs when we breathe

Expand our chest and lungs causing air to flow in to equalize the negative pressure or partial vacuum

We contract our thorax and lungs, causing air to flow out to equalize the positive pressure created by the contraction

Change the volume, change the pressure

43
Q

Inspiration Quiet Breathing

A

Medulla sends neuronal impulses via the spinal cord to the pertinent thoracic muscles

Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and causes a contraction of the diaphragm

Diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

Thoracic volume increases vertically as the floor lowers

44
Q

Speech Breathing

A

The volume of air inhaled is greater than that inspired during quiet breathing

The degree of automaticity – we assume more voluntary control over our breathing

Inspiration for speech comprises less of the total respiratory cycle than during quiet breathing

Quiet – 40% inhalation, 60% exhalation
Speech – 10% inhalation, 90% exhalation

45
Q

Poor control over the respiratory system can have a number of clinical consequences

A

Voice disorders
Cerebral palsy
Hearing loss
Stuttering

46
Q

Breath Support for Speaking

A
  • Diaphragmatic breathing and abdominal muscle support need to be used every time you sing or speak.
  • Replenish your air supply by breathing more frequently when speaking long sentences.
  • Take slow, relaxed breaths during pauses, speaking at a normal rate.

Speech Science (9 decks)

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