Speech Production Processes

Question 1

speech production processes?

Answer 1

• Conceptualizing a thought: what do we wish to communicate
• Forming a linguistic plan: words are selected and put together to form a sentence, then the words are turned
  into sounds
• Articulating: execute the plan via muscles in speech system

Question 2

major types of speech errors?

Answer 2

• Shift: a speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else
• Exchange: two segments change places
• Anticipation: a later segment replaces an earlier one (later stays intact)
• Perseveration: an earlier segment replaces a later one (earlier stays intact)

Question 3

major types of speech errors pt. 2?

Answer 3

• Addition: add something
• Deletion: leave something out
• Substitution: a segment is replaced by an intruder (from
  outside of utterance)
• Blend: blend 2 words together

Question 4

Speech errors can affect different linguistic units…

Answer 4

• Phonological errors (sound)
• Semantic errors (morpheme or word)

Question 5

what is the lexical bias effect?

Answer 5

speech errors are real words more
often than would be expected by chance

Question 6

what is the phonemic similarity effect?

Answer 6

speech errors and targets
tend to be phonologically similar

Question 7

fruedian explanation?

Answer 7

◦ Speaker has more than one idea in mind at a time
◦ Many speech errors are caused by intrusions of repressed ideas from the unconscious into one’s conscious speech output
◦ However, this view is limited as a general explanation of speech errors.

Question 8

psycholinguistic explanation?

Answer 8

◦ Speech errors provide insights into normal language functioning.
◦ Many of the segments that change and move in speech errors are consistent with linguistic theories (Fromkin).
◦ Within stage view of language production, speech errors have been used to help understand the nature of the specific stages

Question 9

serial/stage model of linguistic planning?

Answer 9

◦ We produce speech through a series of stages – each one devoted to a different level of linguistic analysis.
◦ E.g., Fromkin’s model of speech production
◦ Most speech errors contain mistakes at only one level/stage of planning.
- accommodation

Question 10

what is accommodation?

Answer 10

phonological elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their error-induced environments
(E.g., It certainly run outs fast. (runs out))

Question 11

what are parallel models?

Answer 11

Multiple levels of processing take place simultaneously during language production
(ex: Dell’s model)

Question 12

what is Dell’s model?

Answer 12

▪ 4 levels of nodes (semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological) that work in parallel
▪ When a node at one level is activated, it may activate or inhibit nodes at the same or other levels.

Question 13

planning and hesitations in speech?

Answer 13

three main reasons:
◦ Need to select the information that will fulfill our communication goal (syntactic and semantic information)
◦ Momentarily can’t access some concept or word.
◦ Other resources are using those needed for language (e.g., public speaking)