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LING 190 > Speech Production Anatomy > Flashcards

Speech Production Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sub-laryngeal parts of the vocal tract:

A

Sub-laryngeal = below the larynx
- Lungs
- Diaphragm

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2
Q

Lungs function

A
  • Sublaryngeal
  • breathe in + out
  • distribute oxygen to bloodstream
  • pushes air through the vocal tract + vocal cords to produce sound for speech
  • located in the thoracic cavity
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3
Q

Diaphragm function

A
  • Sublaryngeal
  • used to draw air into lungs
  • located in the thoracic cavity
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4
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Lungs + diaphragm
  • enclosed by ribcage
  • related to pulminary ventilation: inspiration + expiration
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5
Q

Boyle’s Law

A
  • Volume and pressure are inversely related
  • When thoracic cavity volume increases, pulmonic pressure decreases, and air moves in (inspiration)
  • when cavity volume decreases, pressure increases, and air moves out (expiration)
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6
Q

In which breathing phase is speech normally produced?

A

During the expiratory phase.

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7
Q

Speech Breathing vs Tidal Breathing

A

Speech breathing requires a lower ratio of inspiration to expiration time compared to tidal breathing:
- tidal breathing: 40/60 ratio, 2-3 second inter-breath intervals
- speech breathing: 10/90 ratio (shorter inspiration + longer expiration), 1-5 second inter-breath intervals

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8
Q

Laryngeal parts of the vocal tract (Larynx):

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Vocal chords/ folds
  • Glottis
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9
Q

Larynx

A
  • AKA the voice box
  • houses the glottis
  • used for breathing, coughing, keeps food out of breathing system
  • consists of bone, cartilige, ligament, and muscle
  • contains the hyoid bone
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10
Q

Trachea

A
  • AKA windpipe
  • connects lungs to pharynx + larynx
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11
Q

Vocal cords/ folds:

A
  • vibrate together to creater voicing
  • faster vibration = higher pitch
  • 2 states: apart + together
  • when apart: voiceless sounds, breathing
  • when together: voiced sounds, vibration
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12
Q

Glottis:

A
  • the space between the vocal folds
  • vocal folds adducted = glottis closed
  • folds abducted = glottis open
  • different phonatic types depend on the state of the glottis
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13
Q

Parts of the larynx (top to bottom):

A
  1. Hyoid bone
  2. Laryngeal prominence (AKA Adam’s apple)
  3. thyroid cartilage
  4. cricothyroid muscle (between cricoid and thyroid cartilages, hence cricothyroid)
    - influences F0/ pitch
  5. cricoid cartilage (cricoid refers to ring-like shape)
  6. trachea (tracheal carticage)
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14
Q

Parts of the vocal folds

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Glottis
  • Trachea
  • Arytenoid (aryepiglottic fold)
  • left + right vocal folds
  • cartilage
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15
Q

Structures used during pulmonary ventilation

A
  • the nasal cavity
  • the larynx
  • the trachea
  • the lungs
  • the bronchus
  • the bronchioles
  • the diaphragm
  • the pharynx
  • the thoracic cavity (under the ribcage + the space under it)
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16
Q

Phonation process

A
  1. Air comes from trachea and hits the glottis + vocal folds
  2. Subglottal pressure forces vf apart
  3. Elasticity + air pressure makes them snap back together
  4. Repeats 125-250 times/sec
17
Q

Fundamental frequency and pitch

A
  • Fundemental Frequency (F0) = cycles of vibration/sec
    -Bernoulli effect: women have higher cycles, therefore higher pitch (males ~125, females ~215)
  • changed mainly using our cricothyroid muscle
    Pitch is the perceptual interpretation of F0/ perceived pitch
18
Q

Supralaryngeal

A
  • related to articulation
  • above the larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • teeth
  • lips
  • tongue
  • velum
  • uvula
  • epiglottis
  • passive + active articulators
19
Q

Active articulators (4)

A
  • lips (mainly lower)
  • tongue front (tip + blade)
  • tongue body (dorsum)
  • tongue root
19
Q

Passive articulators (8)

A
  • upper lip
  • upper teeth
  • alveolar ridge (bony ridge just behind the upper teeth) + post-alveolar region
  • hard palate
  • soft palate (velum)
  • velar port
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal wall
19
Q

Places of articulation

A
  • labial (lips)
  • coronal (primary articulation occurs with tongue front)
  • dorsal (primary articulation occurs near the back of the tongue/ uses theback of the tongue)
  • others (uvular, pharyngeal, glottal)
20
Q

Labial articulation (2)

A
  • involves the lips
  • biliabial: upper + lower lips come in contact w/ eachother or are close to eachother (/p/, /b/, /m/)
  • labiodental: lower lip touches or approaches the upper teeth (/f/, /v/)
21
Q

Coronal articulation (5)

A
  • dental/ interdental: involves the upper teeth (/θ/, /ð/)
  • alveolar: front part of tongue comes close to/ touches alveolar ridge (/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/)
  • palato-alveolar: front part of tongue + post-alveolar region + palates (/ʃ/ (sh), /ʒ/ (zj))
  • retroflex: tongue is curled/ arched upward + backward in the oral cavity, contact w/ roof of mouth (/ɹ/)
  • palatal: front part of tongue + hard palate (/j/ (y, like yes, yuh), /ʃ/)
22
Q

Dorsal (2)

A
  • back of tongue
  • velar: back of tongue + velum (soft palate) (/k/, /g/
  • labio-velar: involves lips and velum + back of tongue (frictives, /xʷ/ (strong “k” sound, like Bach))
23
Q

Other types of articulation

A
  • uvular: back of tongue coming close to the uvula (/χ/ (kh))
  • Pharyngeal: constriction or contact between the tongue or pharynx (/ʕ/, ע sound)
  • glottal: glottis, glottal stops (/ʔ/)
24
Q

Plosives

A
  • complete closure of the vocal tract
  • air pressure buildup gets release, creating a sound
  • b, d, g, p, t, k
25
Q

Frictatives

A
  • Near-complete closure of vocal tract
  • air can get though; friction causes a sound
  • s, f, z, v
26
Q

Affrictates

A
  • complete closure followed by frictative release
  • pressure builds up, closure relase forms friction
  • starts like a stop but continues
  • ch sound, judge sound
27
Q

Nasals

A
  • complete closure of vocal tract
  • air release through nasal cavity
  • mom, nun, wing
    velum controls nasality
  • open = nasal, closed = oral
28
Q

Approximates

A
  • minor obstruction in vocal tract
  • redirects airflow, but it’s continuous
  • la, ra, wa, ya
29
Q

Vowels

A
  • no obstruction
  • depends on where articulators come together
  • defined by:
    > position of tongue body
    > position of lips
    >position of tongue root
30
Q

Possible positions of tongue body

A
  • high, mid, or low
  • front, central, or back
31
Q

Possible position of lips

A
  • round, unroud
32
Q

possible position of tongue root

A
  • tense, lax
33
Q

3 major biological systems that contribute to speech production:

A
  • Lungs
  • Larynx
  • Vocal tract

LING 190 (4 decks)

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