Speech Production Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Sub-laryngeal parts of the vocal tract:
A
Sub-laryngeal = below the larynx
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
2
Q
Lungs function
A
- Sublaryngeal
- breathe in + out
- distribute oxygen to bloodstream
- pushes air through the vocal tract + vocal cords to produce sound for speech
- located in the thoracic cavity
3
Q
Diaphragm function
A
- Sublaryngeal
- used to draw air into lungs
- located in the thoracic cavity
4
Q
Thoracic Cavity
A
- Lungs + diaphragm
- enclosed by ribcage
- related to pulminary ventilation: inspiration + expiration
5
Q
Boyle’s Law
A
- Volume and pressure are inversely related
- When thoracic cavity volume increases, pulmonic pressure decreases, and air moves in (inspiration)
- when cavity volume decreases, pressure increases, and air moves out (expiration)
6
Q
In which breathing phase is speech normally produced?
A
During the expiratory phase.
7
Q
Speech Breathing vs Tidal Breathing
A
Speech breathing requires a lower ratio of inspiration to expiration time compared to tidal breathing:
- tidal breathing: 40/60 ratio, 2-3 second inter-breath intervals
- speech breathing: 10/90 ratio (shorter inspiration + longer expiration), 1-5 second inter-breath intervals
8
Q
Laryngeal parts of the vocal tract (Larynx):
A
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Vocal chords/ folds
- Glottis
9
Q
Larynx
A
- AKA the voice box
- houses the glottis
- used for breathing, coughing, keeps food out of breathing system
- consists of bone, cartilige, ligament, and muscle
- contains the hyoid bone
10
Q
Trachea
A
- AKA windpipe
- connects lungs to pharynx + larynx
11
Q
Vocal cords/ folds:
A
- vibrate together to creater voicing
- faster vibration = higher pitch
- 2 states: apart + together
- when apart: voiceless sounds, breathing
- when together: voiced sounds, vibration
12
Q
Glottis:
A
- the space between the vocal folds
- vocal folds adducted = glottis closed
- folds abducted = glottis open
- different phonatic types depend on the state of the glottis
13
Q
Parts of the larynx (top to bottom):
A
- Hyoid bone
- Laryngeal prominence (AKA Adam’s apple)
- thyroid cartilage
- cricothyroid muscle (between cricoid and thyroid cartilages, hence cricothyroid)
- influences F0/ pitch - cricoid cartilage (cricoid refers to ring-like shape)
- trachea (tracheal carticage)
14
Q
Parts of the vocal folds
A
- Epiglottis
- Glottis
- Trachea
- Arytenoid (aryepiglottic fold)
- left + right vocal folds
- cartilage
15
Q
Structures used during pulmonary ventilation
A
- the nasal cavity
- the larynx
- the trachea
- the lungs
- the bronchus
- the bronchioles
- the diaphragm
- the pharynx
- the thoracic cavity (under the ribcage + the space under it)
16
Q
Phonation process
A
- Air comes from trachea and hits the glottis + vocal folds
- Subglottal pressure forces vf apart
- Elasticity + air pressure makes them snap back together
- Repeats 125-250 times/sec
17
Q
Fundamental frequency and pitch
A
- Fundemental Frequency (F0) = cycles of vibration/sec
-Bernoulli effect: women have higher cycles, therefore higher pitch (males ~125, females ~215) - changed mainly using our cricothyroid muscle
Pitch is the perceptual interpretation of F0/ perceived pitch
18
Q
Supralaryngeal
A
- related to articulation
- above the larynx
- nasal cavity
- teeth
- lips
- tongue
- velum
- uvula
- epiglottis
- passive + active articulators
19
Q
Active articulators (4)
A
- lips (mainly lower)
- tongue front (tip + blade)
- tongue body (dorsum)
- tongue root
19
Q
Passive articulators (8)
A
- upper lip
- upper teeth
- alveolar ridge (bony ridge just behind the upper teeth) + post-alveolar region
- hard palate
- soft palate (velum)
- velar port
- uvula
- pharyngeal wall
19
Q
Places of articulation
A
- labial (lips)
- coronal (primary articulation occurs with tongue front)
- dorsal (primary articulation occurs near the back of the tongue/ uses theback of the tongue)
- others (uvular, pharyngeal, glottal)
20
Q
Labial articulation (2)
A
- involves the lips
- biliabial: upper + lower lips come in contact w/ eachother or are close to eachother (/p/, /b/, /m/)
- labiodental: lower lip touches or approaches the upper teeth (/f/, /v/)
21
Q
Coronal articulation (5)
A
- dental/ interdental: involves the upper teeth (/θ/, /ð/)
- alveolar: front part of tongue comes close to/ touches alveolar ridge (/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/)
- palato-alveolar: front part of tongue + post-alveolar region + palates (/ʃ/ (sh), /ʒ/ (zj))
- retroflex: tongue is curled/ arched upward + backward in the oral cavity, contact w/ roof of mouth (/ɹ/)
- palatal: front part of tongue + hard palate (/j/ (y, like yes, yuh), /ʃ/)
22
Q
Dorsal (2)
A
- back of tongue
- velar: back of tongue + velum (soft palate) (/k/, /g/
- labio-velar: involves lips and velum + back of tongue (frictives, /xʷ/ (strong “k” sound, like Bach))
23
Q
Other types of articulation
A
- uvular: back of tongue coming close to the uvula (/χ/ (kh))
- Pharyngeal: constriction or contact between the tongue or pharynx (/ʕ/, ע sound)
- glottal: glottis, glottal stops (/ʔ/)
24
Q
Plosives
A
- complete closure of the vocal tract
- air pressure buildup gets release, creating a sound
- b, d, g, p, t, k
25
Q
Frictatives
A
- Near-complete closure of vocal tract
- air can get though; friction causes a sound
- s, f, z, v
26
Q
Affrictates
A
- complete closure followed by frictative release
- pressure builds up, closure relase forms friction
- starts like a stop but continues
- ch sound, judge sound
27
Q
Nasals
A
- complete closure of vocal tract
- air release through nasal cavity
- mom, nun, wing
velum controls nasality - open = nasal, closed = oral
28
Q
Approximates
A
- minor obstruction in vocal tract
- redirects airflow, but it’s continuous
- la, ra, wa, ya
29
Q
Vowels
A
- no obstruction
- depends on where articulators come together
- defined by:
> position of tongue body
> position of lips
>position of tongue root
30
Q
Possible positions of tongue body
A
- high, mid, or low
- front, central, or back
31
Q
Possible position of lips
A
- round, unroud
32
Q
possible position of tongue root
A
- tense, lax
33
Q
3 major biological systems that contribute to speech production:
A
- Lungs
- Larynx
- Vocal tract
