Speech Path 1: Chapters 1 and 4 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Communicate
A
any means by which individuals relate their wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, and knowledge to another person
2
Q
Communication disorder
A
an impairment in the ability to receive, comprehend, or send messages, verbally, nonverbally, or graphically; any articulation, language, voice, resonance, cognitive, or hearing impairment that interferes with conveying or understanding a person’s wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, and knowledge
3
Q
Clinicians
A
healthcare, rehabilitation, and educational professionals, such as physicians, nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, audiologists, psychiatrists, or psychologists, involved in clinical practice who base their practice on direct observation and treatment of patients and clients
4
Q
Modalities
A
any sensory avenue through which information may be received, that is auditory, visual, tactile, taste and olfactory (smell)
5
Q
Speech-language pathologist
A
a professional who is specifically educated and trained to identify, evaluate, treat and prevent speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing disorders
6
Q
Audiologist
A
a professional who is specifically educated and trained to identify, evaluate, treat, and prevent hearing disorders, plus select and evaluate hearing aids, and habilitate or rehabilitate individuals with hearing impairments
7
Q
Inner speech/self talk
A
the nearly constant internal monologue a person has with himself at a conscious or semiconscious level that involves thinking in words; a conversation with oneself
8
Q
language
A
a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols (sounds, letters, gestures), and rule-governed combinations of those symbols
9
Q
Syllable
A
either a single vowel (V) or a vowel and one or more consonants (C); for example V+ consonant (VC), VCC, CV, CCV, CVC, etc
10
Q
Prosody (prosodic)/melody (melodic)
A
voice inflections used in a language such as stress, intensity, changes in pitch, duration of a sounds, and rhythm that help listeners understand the true intent of a message and that convey the emotional aspects of a message such as happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise
11
Q
Linguistics
A
the scientific study of the structure and the function of language and the rules that govern language; includes the study of phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
12
Q
Phonemes
A
the shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language
13
Q
Morphemes
A
the smallest unit of language having a distinct meaning, for example, a prefix, root word or suffix
14
Q
Syntax
A
the rules that dictate the acceptable sequence, combination, and function of words in a sentence; the way in which words are put together in a sentence to convey meaning
15
Q
Semantics
A
the study of meaning in language conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences
16
Q
Pragmatics
A
the rules governing the use of language in social situations; includes the speaker-listener relationship and intentions and all elements in the environment surrounding the interaction-the context
17
Q
Phonology
A
the study of speech sounds and the system of rules underlying sound production and sound combinations in the formation of words
18
Q
Speech
A
the production of oral language using phonemes for communication through the process of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation
19
Q
Consonant
A
speech sounds articulated by either stopping the outgoing air stream or creating a narrow opening of resistance using the articulators
20
Q
vowel
A
voiced speech sounds from the unrestricted passage of the air stream through the mouth without audible stoppage or friction
21
Q
Context
A
the circumstances or events that form the environment within which something exists or takes place; also, the words, phrases, or narrative that come before and after a particular word or phrase in speech or a piece of writing that helps to explain its full meaning
22
Q
Morphology
A
the study of the structure (form) of words
23
Q
Grammar
A
the rules of the use of morphology and syntax in a language
24
Q
Literacy
A
the ability to communicate through written language, both reading and writing
25
process (mental or cognitive process)
the things individuals do with their brains (minds) that invoke attention, perception, memory, ideation, imagination, belief, reasoning, use of language, volition, emotion, and others; the process of thinking
26
Articulation
the modifying of the airstream (voiced and unvoiced sounds) into distinctive sounds of a language to produce speech. In speech-language pathology, the movement of articulators (mandible, lips, tongue, and soft palate) to produce sounds of speech
27
Quality of life
a global concept that involves a person's standard of living, personal freedom, and the opportunity to pursue happiness; a measure of a person's ability to cope successfully with the full range of challenges encountered in daily living; the characterization of health concerns or disease effects on a person's lifestyle and daily functioning
28
Habilitate
the process of developing a skill or ability to be able to function within the environment; the initial learning and development of a new skill
29
Rehabilitation
restoration to normal or to as satisfactory a status as possible of impaired functions and abilities
30
Handicap
as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), loss or imitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others; a congenital or acquired physical or intellectual limitation that hinders a person from performing specific tasks
31
Disability
as defined by WHO, any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being; the impairment, loss or absence of a physical or intellectual function; physical disability is any impairment that limits the physical functions of limbs or gross or fine motor abilities; sensory disability is impairment of one of the senses (ex. hearing or vision); intellectual disability encompasses intellectual deficits that may appear at any age (ex. following a severe TBI)
32
Impairment
any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function
33
prevalence
the estimated total number of individuals diagnosed with a particular disorder at a given time in a population, or the percentage of people in a population with the disorder
34
incidence
the rate at which a disorder appears in the normal population over a period, typically a year
35
speech disorders
any deviation or abnormality of speech outside the range of acceptable variation in a given environment
36
Language disorders
an impairment of receptive and/or expressive linguistic symbols (morphemes, words, semantics, syntax, or pragmatics) that affects comprehension and/or expression of wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, or knowledge through the verbal, written, or gestural modalities
37
congenital disorders
a disorder that is present at birth
38
syndrome
a complex of signs and symptoms resulting from a common etiology or appearing together that presents a clinical picture of a disease or inherited anomaly
39
acquired disorders
a disorder that begins after an individual has developed normal communication abilities, such as hearing loss from loud noise exposure or a speech, language, or cognitive disorder caused by a traumatic brain injury
40
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external force that results in partial or total functional disability, including physical, communication, cognitive, and psychosocial impairments
41
etiology
the cause of an occurrence (ex. medical problem that results in a disorder or disability)
42
functional disorder
a problem or impairment with no known anatomical, physiological, or neurological basis that may have behavioral or emotional causes or components
43
organic disorder
a problem or impairment with a known anatomical, physiological, or neurological basis
44
articulation disorder
the incorrect production of speech sounds due to faulty placement, timing, direction, pressure, speed, or integration of the movements of the mandible, lips, tongue, or velum
45
phonological disorder
errors of phonemes that form patterns in which a child simplifies individual sounds or sound combinations
46
motor speech disorder
impaired speech intelligibility that is caused by a neurological impairment or difference that affects the motor (movement) planning or the strength of the articulators needed for rapid, complex movements in smooth, effortless speech
47
Intelligible
the degree of clarity with which an utterance is understood by the average listener, which is influenced by articulation, rate, fluency, vocal quality, and intensity (loudness) of voice
48
receptive language
what a person understands of what is said
49
expressive language
the words, grammatical structures, and meanings that a person uses verbally
50
language delay
an abnormal slowness in developing language skills that may result in incomplete language development
51
language difference
variations in speech and language production that are the result of a person's cultural, linguistic, and social environments
52
General American English (GAE)/ Standard American English (SAE)
the speech of native speakers of American English that is typical of the US and that excludes phonological forms easily recognized as regional dialects or limited to particular ethnic or social groups, and that is not identified as a nonnative American accent; the norm of pronunciation by national radio and television broadcasters
53
Aphasia
an impairment in language processing that may affect any or all input modalities (auditory, visual, and tactile) and any or all output modalities (speaking, writing, and gesturing)
54
Stuttering (disfluency)
a disturbance in the normal flow and time patterning speech characterized by one of more of the following: repetitions of sounds, syllables, or words; prolongations of sounds; abnormal stoppages or "silent blocks" within or between words; interjections of unnecessary sounds or words; circumlocutions (talking around an intended word); or sounds and words produced with excessive tension
55
cluttering
speech that is abnormally fast with omission of sounds and syllables of words, abnormal patterns of pausing and phrasing, and often spoken in bursts that may be unintelligible; frequently includes abnormalities in syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
56
voice disorder (dysphonia)
any deviation of loudness, pitch, or quality of voice that is outside the normal range of a person's age, gender, or geographic cultural background that interferes with communication, draws unfavorable attention to itself, or adversely affects the speaker or listener
57
Dysphonia
a general term that means a voice disorder, with the person's voice typically sounding rough, raspy, or hoarse
58
Aphonia
a complete loss of voice followed by whispering for oral communication that typically has psychological causes such as emotional stress
59
Resonance disorder
abnormal modification of the voice by passing through the nasal cavities during production of oral sounds or not passing through the nasal cavities during production of nasal sounds
60
Hyper nasality
A resonance disorder that occurs when oral consonants and vowels enter the nasal cavity because of clefts of the hard and soft palates or weakness of the soft palate, causing a person to sound like they are talking through their nose
61
Hypo nasality
lack of resonance for the 3 English phonemes /m/, /n/, /ng/, caused by partial or complete obstruction in the nasal tract
62
Cognition
the act or process of thinking or learning that involves perceiving stimuli, memory, abstraction, generalization, reasoning, judgement, and problem solving; closely related to intelligence
63
cognitive disorders
an impairment of attention, perception of stimuli (auditory, visual, tactile, taste, smell), memory, reasoning, judgement, and problem solving
64
dementia
a neurological disease that causes intellectual, cognitive, and personality deterioration that is more severe than what would occur through normal aging
65
hearing impairment
abnormal or reduced function in hearing resulting from an auditory disorder
66
conductive hearing loss
a reduction in hearing sensitivity because of a disorder of the outer or middle ear
67
sensorineural hearing loss
a reduction of hearing sensitivity produced by disorders of the cochlea and/or auditory nerve fibers of the vestibulocochlear (VII cranial) nerve
68
speech development
the progressive evolving and shaping of individual sounds and syllables that are used as arbitrary symbols and applied in rule-governed combinations to produce words to communicate a person's wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, and knowledge
69
language development
the progressive growth of a receptive and expressive communication system for representing concepts using arbitrary symbols (sounds and words) and rule-governed combinations of those symbols (grammar)
70
behavioral theory
in reference to speech and language, a perspective of development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning
71
operant conditioning
a learning model for changing behavior in which a desired behavior is reinforced immediately after it spontaneously occurs
72
successive approximation (shaping)
the reinforcement of each response that more closely resembles the target response until the target response is acquired
73
nativistic theory
a perspective of language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon
74
parentese
how parents and other caregivers often talk to infants using a high-pitched voice with significant voice variation, one-and-two syllable words in short, simple sentences, and speak at a slower rate with clearer articulation than normal, sometimes emphasizing every syllable
75
utterance
a unit of vocal expression that is preceded and followed by silence and may be made up of a vocal sound (huh?), words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
76
semantic-cognitive theory
a perspective of language development that emphasizes the interrelationship between language learning and cognition; that is, the meanings conveyed by a child's productions
77
social-pragmatic theory
a perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language
78
turn-taking
the manner I which orderly conversation normally takes place. the process by which people in conversation alternate turns speaking, which depends on both cultural factors (male vs. female speakers) and subtle cues (eye contact and facial expressions)
79
culture
the philosophies, values, attitudes, perceptions, religious and spiritual beliefs, educational values, language, customs, childrearing practices, lifestyles, and arts shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next
80
multicultural
a society characterized by a diversity of cultures, languages, traditions, religions, and values, as well as socioeconomic classes, sexual orientations, and ability levels; ideally where individuals are respected and valued for their contributions to the whole of that society
81
living language
a language that people still speak and use in their ordinary lives
82
dialect
a specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region or among a larger group of people that differs significantly from the standard of the larger language community of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic use of words
83
standard dialect
the dialect of a language that is commonly spoken or established by individuals with considerable formal education
84
cultural-linguistic diversity (CLD)
a perspective of language development that emphasizes the similarities and difference of the people and the languages spoken around the world, and that stresses how one language or dialect is no better than another
85
accent
usually considered the speech pronunciation and inflections use by nonnative American English speakers (foreign accent)
86
English as a second language (ESL)/English-Language learner
learning English after a child's native (home) language has been established
87
Dual-language learner (DLL)
the learning of two (or more) languages at the same time
88
bilingual
children who often speak the parents' native language in the home environment and speak American English in school or other environments
89
code switching
an occurrence for bilingual individuals in which sounds. words, semantics, syntactic, or pragmatic elements from one language are included when speaking another language, either automatically or intentionally; also can be expanded to include nonstandard and standard dialects
90
worldview
an individual's or group's perception of reality and a framework of ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about the world, life and themselves
91
prelinguistic (preverbal) vocalizations
the sounds produced by an infant before the production of true words and language (crying, cooing, babbling, and echolalia)
92
cooing
the production of vowel-like sounds (usually /u/ and /oo/ with occasional brief consonant-like sounds similar to /k/ and /g/), usually produced by infants when feeling comfort or pleasure and interacting with a caregiver
93
babbling
the production of a consonant and vowel in the same syllable, either reduplicated (ba-ba), or non reduplicated (baa-da), that tends to appear at about 6 or 7 months of age
94
echolalia
an infant's immediate and automatic reproduction of imitation of speech heard from the sounds made by others in the environment; the words infants imitate are not yet meaningful to them
95
neonate
an infant less than 4 weeks old
96
vocal play
the longer strings of syllables that extend babbling
97
jargon
strings of syllables produced with stress and intonation that mimic real speech but are not actual words
98
stop
sound made by blocking the air pressure in the mouth and then suddenly releasing it. the air flow can be blocked by pressing the lips together or by pressing the tongue against either the gums or soft palate
99
nasal
sound produced by lowering the velum to the base of the tongue, which closes the oral cavity and allows air to be directed into the nasal passages, producing the /n/ /m/ and /ng/
100
glide
a consonant produced when the tongue approaches a point of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to obstruct or constrict the flow of air. The air is allowed to escape through the mouth, but its direction of flow is altered by having it glide over the tongue or lips before exiting
101
fricative
consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators together; the lower lip against the upper teeth, the tongue between the front teeth, and the tongue against the alveolar ridge
102
stress
variations in intensity, frequency, and duration on one syllable more than another in a word, which usually results in the syllable sounding both louder and longer than other syllables in the same word
103
blend (consonant cluster)
two or three consonant sounds together with no vowel separation
104
phonological process
the simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner. Phonological processes help explain errors of substitution, omission, and addition that children may us to simplify the production of difficult sounds
105
natural process
the phonological process that are common in the speech development of children across languages
106
plosive
stop consonants produced when impounded air pressure in the portion of the vocal tract behind the constriction is released through the oral cavity; bilabial plosives (p and b) linguaalveolar plosives (t and d)
107
lexicon
refers to all morphemes, including words and parts of words, that a person knows
108
holophrastic language
the use of a single word to express a complete thought
109
communicative competence
the ability to use language and/or dialect and to know when, where, and with whom to use them, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
110
mean length of utterance (MLU)
the average number of morphemes in a young child's individual utterances; roughly equivalent to a young child's chronological age
111
parallel speech
naming, describing, and explaining what the child is experiencing and probably feeling, almost as if the caregiver is the child, a technique used by some parents, as well as clinicians, to help children develop receptive and expressive language
112
cognitive development
the progressive and continuous growth of perception, memory, imagination, conception, judgement, and reasoning. it is the intellectual counterpart of a person's biological adaptation to the environment
113
functor (function) words
words whose grammatical functions are more obvious than their semantic content and that serve primarily to give order to a sentence, such as articles, conjunctions, determiners, prepositions, and modal and auxiliary verbs
114
telegraphic speech (language)
condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives; often used by 3 year old children and college students taking lecture notes
115
narrative
the orderly, sequenced relating of accounts or events
116
discourse
an extended verbal exchange on a topic
