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Language Science Exam 2 > Speech > Flashcards

Speech Flashcards

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1
Q

processing one thing at a time (more items = more time)

A

serial processing

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2
Q

process everything at the same time (all aspects - more items = same amount of time)

A

parallel processing

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3
Q

Does serial processing or parallel processing end up with more errors?

A

Parallel processing

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4
Q

processes operate independently

A

modular

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5
Q

processes interact and affect each other

A

interactive

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6
Q

Vowels are ______ airflow

A

unobstructed

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7
Q

Consonants are _________ airflow

A

obstructed

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8
Q

Three properties of consonants:

A

Place (bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal)
Manner (stops, fricatives, affricatives, nasals, liquids, glides)
Voicing (voiced/voiceless)

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9
Q

Spectrograms are:

A

“Visual speech”

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10
Q

Three components of spectrograms:

A

Frequency of the acoustic signal - speech sounds consist of several frequencies (y-axis)
Time - all speech signals have a temporal aspect (x-axis)
Intensity - darkness/color (3D aspect)

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11
Q

phonemes are encoded at the same time with no breaks between phonemes

A

Parallel transmission

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12
Q

it’s acoustically hard to tell where words begin and end; but we have no problem perceiving words

A

Segmentation problem

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13
Q

The Lack of Invariance problem

A

there is no one-to-one correspondence between the acoustic cues and the phonemes perceived (the challenge of understanding speech!)

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14
Q

One phoneme can have many ______ acoustic cues

A

different

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15
Q

The psychological definition of a phoneme

A

a category of sounds that we perceive to be the same sound

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16
Q

Source of variability in speech perception (3)

A

Coarticulation, speaker variability, sloppy speech

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17
Q

overlapping of articulation of phonemes

A

Coarticulation (related to parallel transmission)

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18
Q

How we say a sound is affected by what comes ____________

A

before and after it

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19
Q

What are examples of variability between speakers?

A 
gender
pitch
accent
speed
age
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20
Q

What is having variability within speakers?

A

People are sloppy speakers!

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21
Q

Experiment testing variability within speakers

A

Pollack and Pickett - cut up conversations, words in context were easy to understand, just words were hard to identify

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22
Q

Perception of non-speech is ___________

A

continuous

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23
Q

Perception of consonants is __________

A

categorical

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24
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

It reflects how people perceive different sounds to be the same phoneme

25
Q

What is Voice-Onset Time (VOT)?

A

time between consonant release and voice start

26
Q

What is the phonemic boundary?

A

location on graph where perception changes from /ba/ to /pa/ (or with other minimal pairs); not the same for all people

27
Q

(T/F) Vowels show categorical perception

A

FALSE.

28
Q

With more time for processing, an instant ID is ___________

A

less important

29
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A

shows that perception is a compromise between what is heard and what is seen; very robust (consistent)

30
Q

What is the original McGurk effect?

A

You see a speaker articulating /ga/, hear /ba/ through headphones, but perceive that the speaker is saying /da/

31
Q

The McGurk Effect is (bottom-up processing/top-down processing)
(pick one)

A

Bottom up processing

32
Q

What is the motor theory of speech perception?

A

We use our knowledge of production to understand speech (not consciously)
Addresses the lack of invariance problem: perception is based on articulatory information and not just the signal

33
Q

Speech perception based on acoustic information is:

A

Bottom-up processing

34
Q

Speech perception based on context, semantics, and syntactic information (language knowledge) is:

A

Top-down processing

35
Q

What are the three stages of the Cohort Model?

A
  1. Select a set of candidates (a cohort) - based on phonemic information - bottom-up processing
  2. Narrow the set based on more information and other variables (e.g., frequency) - can be weighted by parts of speech (recognition point: the point at which a word is unique - can be auditory or visual)
  3. The item is fit into the context
36
Q

What is the TRACE model?

A

Words are represented across different levels
Words - all the words you know
Phonemes - every phoneme in your language
Features - ex. Acoustic features
These three levels interact with each other

37
Q

What are the three levels of the TRACE model?

A

Words, phonemes, features (these three levels interact with each other)

38
Q

What are examples of top-down effects?

A 
Context effects
Illusions
Phonemic restoration
Verbal transofmration
Sine wave speech
Backward speech
39
Q

Perception of consonants are __________

A

categorical

40
Q

Perception of vowels are ___________

A

noncategorical

41
Q

Perception of tones are _________

A

continuous

42
Q

the “music” of language

A

Prosody

43
Q

What do prosodic factors do?

A

affect the overall utterance meaning

44
Q

What are the five prosodic factors?

A 
(STRIP)
stress
tone
rate
intonation
pausing
45
Q

use of pitch over phrases

A

Intonation

46
Q

emphasis given to syllables/words

A

Stress

47
Q

use of pitch over words

A

tone

48
Q

speed of speech

A

rate/length

49
Q

breaks (e.g., commas) in speech

A

pausing

50
Q

(T/F) In English, rate of speech changes the meaning.

A

True

51
Q

“It’s time to go,” vs. “It’stimetogo” is an example of the prosodic factor:

A

Rate/length

52
Q

The three qualities of stress

A

louder
longer
higher pitch

53
Q

(T/F) Which word you stress in a sentence does not change meaning.

A

False. The word you stress changes meaning.

54
Q

“Got the keys?” vs. “Got the keys.” is an example of the prosodic factor:

A

Intonation

55
Q

Intonation for questions is usually _________.

A

Rising

56
Q

Why are there increased misunderstandings with emails and texts?

A

Because there is no intonation

When we write it we hear the intonation, but the readers ‘top-down’ prosody to be consistent with their expectations

57
Q

This prosodic factor is found in tonal languages such as Chinese

A

Tone

58
Q

“Coffee cake and honey” vs. “Coffee, cake, and honey” is am example of the prosodic factor _________.

A

Pausing

Language Science Exam 2 (3 decks)

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