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Biology MA > specifically human reproduction + menstruation - PART OF REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

specifically human reproduction + menstruation - PART OF REPRODUCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of the male reproductive system? - gamete

A

sperm cell:
head which has the nucleus and acrosome, a sac of digestive enzymes to break down/penetrate the membrane of the egg.
midpiece with mitochondria which releases energy for movement
tail (flagellum), for proulsion/to swim
smallest cell in body

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2
Q

what is the structure of the egg?

A

large, big, mitochondria, biggest cell in a human

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3
Q

can you name and label all the things in the female reproductive system?

A

the womb, the oviduct (fallopian tubes), bladder, ovary, cervix, rectum, anus, urethra, vagina, front pelvis
ligaments hold ovary in posisiton, muscular womb

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4
Q

what happens in the female reproductive system

A

each month, an egg is released from the oviduct from the ovary. This is ovulation. If an egg is present in the oviduct then it may be fertilised by sperm introduced during intercourse. The zygote formed will begin to sevelop into an embryo, which will implant into the lining of the uterus. Here the embryo will develop into a placenta, which will allow the embryo to obtain materials such as oxygen and nutrient’s from the mother’s blood. it anchors embryo to uterus, gets rid of waste products, maintains pregnancy

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5
Q

be able to label the male reproductive system

A

bladder, seminal vesicle, sperm duct, penis, urethra, testes, foreskin, scrotum

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6
Q

where is the sperm made and travel when leaving the body

A

sperm made in testes
sperm travels down sperm duct and urethra

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7
Q

what is the head of the penis protected by

A

foreskin

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8
Q

what adds special liquids to sperm cells to make semen

A

seminal gland

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9
Q

what holds the fetus inplace

A

cervix

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10
Q

where does baby develop

A

uterus

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11
Q

whwere is the egg released form and where does it travel down

A

ovary and fallopian tube

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12
Q

what is the function of the labia? female

A

Folds of tissue which surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and urethra

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13
Q

what is the function of the oviduct? female

A

Carries egg to uterus, site of fertilisation

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14
Q

what is the function of the rectum? female

A

Stores faeces before egestion

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15
Q

what is the function of the cervix? female

A

Controls entry of sperm into the reproductive system
a ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus; keeps the fetus in place during pregnancy

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16
Q

what is the function of the urethra? female

A

Tube through which urine exits the body

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17
Q

what is the function of the endometrium? female

A

Embryos implants here, the site of foetal development

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18
Q

what is the function of the uterus wall? female

A

Muscular wall to push foetus out using contractions during birth

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19
Q

what is the function of the clitoris? female

A

Small zone of sexual pleasure found above the entrance to the vagina

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20
Q

what is the function of the ovary? female

A

Produces ovum cells and releases one (mature egg) every 28 days

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21
Q

what is the function of the vagina? female

A

Receptacle for penis and sperm in sexual intercourse

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22
Q

what is the function of the bladder? female

A

Stores urine before excretion

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23
Q

what is the function of the seminal gland + prostate? Male

A

Produce the liquid that mixes with the sperm to form semen

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24
Q

what is the function of the testes? Male

A

Sperm are produced here

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25
Q

what is the function of the anus? Male

A

Base of the lower intestine, through which faecal matter exits the body

26
Q

what is the function of the erectile tissue? Male

A

Is filled with blood when aroused to allow the penis to become hard

27
Q

what is the function of the bladder? Male

A

Urine is stored here after production in the kidneys

28
Q

what is the function of the foreskin? Male

A

Layer of skin and muscle that covers and protects the glans of the penis

29
Q

what is the function of the scrotum? Male

A

Sack of skin and muscle which contains the testes, helps to regulate their temperature

30
Q

what is the function of the glans? Male

A

Tube that urine and sperm leave the body through

31
Q

what is the function of the penis? Male

A

The tip of the penis, zone of sexual pleasure Is used to get sperm into the female

32
Q

what is the function of the sperm duct? Male

A

Tube the sperm travel through during sexual intercourse (and urine)

33
Q

describe fertilisation fully (in humans)

A
  1. whena man and a woman have sexual intercourse, the man’s penis fills with blood and becomes erect
  2. then the woman’s vagina produces a slippery fluid. eventually the sperm in the man’s testicles will travel along the vas deferens and past the glands where a nourishing fluid is added to the sperm
  3. this forms semen. the semen contains a lot of glucose (sugar), which gives the sperm the energy they need to swim which they do by flicking their tails from side to side
  4. the semen flows out the penis (ejaculation). the semen is deposited inside the woman’s vagina
  5. the sperm must now have a very long journey. they must wim througout the cervix into the uterus of the woman
  6. here some of the sperm swim up the fallopian tube whilst the rest of the sperm swim up the second fallopian tube
  7. it is in the fallopian tube that the sperm may meet an ovum. one sperm cell will swim into the egg cell. once inside, the nucleus of the eff cell and the nucelus of the sperm cell will fuse together forming a embryo
  8. the fusion is called fertilisation. the fertilised egg will now travel to the uterus where it will attatch to the wall and begin dividing, eventually forming a fetus that will be born in 9 months time
34
Q

when do men and women gwt their gametes?

A

fwemales have their undeveloped egg cells in their bodies since birth
males produce new sperm continously once they reach puberty

35
Q

wyat type of cells are the embryo/zygote?

A

embryotic stem cells

36
Q

when is the zygote a embryo?when is the embryo a fetus?

A

the embryo turns into a fetus when the cells begin to differentiate into different organs and tissue. After 11 weeks the developing huma turns into a foetus

37
Q

label a placenta. it needs to to contain a :

A

umbilical cord, placenta, amnion, amniotic fluid, uterus, cervix, mucus plug, vagina

38
Q

what is the function of amnion?

A

protects the embryo from physical harm using the amniotic fluid

39
Q

what is the function of placenta?

A

provides nutrients and materials to the embryo and removes waste products such as CO2

40
Q

what is the function of umbilical cord?

A

connects foetus to placenta

41
Q

what does the placenta transfer and recieve?

A

the placenta gives oxygen, minerals like carbon (to build skeleton, amino acids), glycerol and fatty acids, and glucose and CO2, excess water, urea is returned

42
Q

what doesnt the placenta allow to cross?

A

molecules

43
Q

why is the placenta good?

A

most diseases, bacteria, can’t cross the placenta, protecting the baby form infection. However some virus’ like HIV can as they are much smaller. Chemicals like alcahol and nicotine are also small and can pass through

44
Q

why must the baby’s blood and mother’s blood not mix?

A

so pathogens don’t go to the baby and different blood types can’t mix

45
Q

by which process do substances pass between mother and fetus’ blood in placenta?

A

diffusion

46
Q

how is the placenta adapted for its function?

A

high SA to vol ratio - (chorionic villi)
short diffusion distance - 1 cell thick
dense network of foetal blood vessels

47
Q

other than exchanging materials, what does the placenta do?

A

anchors the embryo in the uterus
the placenta secretes female hormones, in particular progesterone, which maintains the pregnancy and prevents the embryo from aborting (being rejected by the mother’s body)

48
Q

what encloses the embryo during pregnancy? what is it filled with? why?

A

a membrane called the amnion encloses it. it is filled with amniotic fluid which protects the developing embryo against sudden movements

49
Q

what are the 3 stages to birth?

A
  1. dilation of the cervix - it gets wider to allow the baby to pass through, the muscles of the usterus contract quite strongly and tear the amnion, allowing the amniotic fluid to escape
  2. delivery of the baby - stong contractions in the uterus push the baby’s head through the uterus into the cervix and vagina
  3. delivery of afterbirth- the uterus contracts to push the placenta out together with membranes hat surround the baby
50
Q

which hormones are introduced during puberty to allow both sexes to allow for reproduction? What do they stimulate?

A

follicle stimulating hormone (in boys it stimulates sperm production), luteinising hormone (in boys it instucts the testes to secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone which controls the developmnet of the male secondary sexual characteristics e.g., growht of penis, testes, faacial and body hair)
in girls, the pituitary hormones contol the release of female sex hormones called oestrogen, from the ovaries. Oestrogen produces the female secondary sexual characteristics such as the beginning of menstruation

51
Q

list changes in puberty for boys

A

sperm production starts, growth and development of male sexual organs, growth of armpit and pubic hair aswell as chest and facial hair, increase in body mass (muscle), voice breaks, secual ‘drive’ develops

52
Q

list puberty changes in girls

A

menstruation begins, growth and development of female sexual organs, growth of armpit and pubic hair, increase in boy mass (rounded shape to hips), voice deepends without sudden breaking, sexual ‘drive’ develops, breasts develop

53
Q

describe the different stages of menstruation cycle

A

roughly:
1-5 menstruation (lining shed)
6-13 new lining of uterus develops (new egg matures in ovary)
14- ovulation: egg shed from ovary (can be fertilised)
15-20 egg in oviduct (it dies if not fertilised)
21-28 blood supply develops in new uterus lining

54
Q

what is a follicle? what does it do?

A

inside a woman’s ovaries are hundreds of thousands of cells that could develop into mature eggs. every month, one of these grows inside a ball of cells called a follicle. At the middle of the cycle the follicle moves towards the edge of the ovary and the egg is released as the follicle bursts open (ovulation). After, the corpeus luteum grows and breaks down

55
Q

what is FSH? where is it released from? what is its function?

A

released from the pituitary gland
(follicle stimulating hormone)
causes the follicle ot mature
causes levels of oestrogen fro ovaries to increase

56
Q

what is oestrogen? where is it released from? what is its function?

A

released form ovaries
- high levels due to high FSH, causes lining of uterus to built up, cuases levels of LH to rise and levels of FSH to fall

57
Q

what is LH? where is it released from? what is its function?

A

released from pituitary gland
(luteinising hormone)
peaks due to high oestrogen
peak causes ovulation (the egg leaves the follicle in the ovary and is wafted down the oviduct)

58
Q

what is progesterone? where is it released from? what is its function?

A

released form the corpus luteum
- empty follicle of the corpus luteum rleases it and it maintains the uterus lining - lots of blood vessels
- it inhibits FSH to prevent ovulation
- the levels decrease as the corpus luteum breaks down and therefore allows FSH to increase

59
Q

give a summary of the hormones in the female reproductive system (what does it increas/inhibit)

A

FSH causes follicle to mature + oestrogen ↑
oestrogen causes lining to build up, LH ↑
LH causes egg to release, leaving the empty follicle
the empty follicle releases progestorone (↑)
progesterone and oestrogen inhibit FSH
progestorone inhibits LH

60
Q

which hormones cause secondary characteristics?

A

testosterone, oestrogen

61
Q
A

Biology MA (5 decks)

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