Specific response to infection Flashcards
What are the two main types of white blood cells involved in the specific immune system?
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Where are lymphocytes from?
White bone marrow
What are the two different types of lymphocytes?
B cells
T cells
Where are B cells produced?
They are produced and mature in the bone marrow
Where are B cell found once they mature?
Lymph glands and all over the body
What cells are produced when B cells bind to an antigen?
B effector cells
Plasma cells
B memory cells
What are the plasma cells?
They produce the antibodies to the antigens
What do effector B cells do?
Divide to form plasma cells
Where are T cells produced?
In the bone marrow but they mature in the thymus gland
What cells are produced when T cells bind to an antigen?
T killer cells
T helper cells
T memory cells
What are T killer cells?
Cells that produce chemicals to destroy infected body cells
What are T helper cells?
They activate plasma cells to produce antibodies
Secrete opsonins to label pathogens for phagocytosis
What is the major histocompatability complex?
Proteins that display antigens on the cell membrane
What is the humoral response?
Reacts to antigens outside the body like fungi and to antigen-presenting body cells. It produces antibodies that are not attatched to cells and float through out the body
What are the two main stages of the humoral response?
T helper acitvation
The effector stage
What is the T helper activation stage of the humoral response?
Chemicals are produced by the pathogen that attract phagocytes. They combine the antigens of the pathogen with their histocompatability complex and present them on the surface of the cell.
The T cells bind to the phagocytes and make copies of the complimentry antibodies
What is the effector stage of the humoral response?
Some B cells are complimentry and destroy the pathogen by phagocytosis before presenting the antigens
The T helper cell binds to it and releases cytokines which stimulate mitosis in the B effector cells
What are the ways that antibodies can destroy pathogens?
Agglutination: Antibodies clump together on the pathogen so stop is spreading through the body and makes phagocytosis easier
Opsonisation: Makes the pathogen more easily recognised by phagocytes
Neutralisation: They neutralise the effects of toxins by binding to them
How do antibodies destroy pathogens through agglutination?
Antibodies clump together on the pathogen so stop is spreading through the body and makes phagocytosis easier
How do antibodies destroy pathogens through Opsonisation?
Makes the pathogen more easily recognised by phagocytes
When is the cell-mediated response infected?
In viral infections where they replicate inside the host
What is the cell-mediated response?
When a virus is inside a cell, it’s antigens are present on the surface. There are many T killer cells in the blood and some of them are complimentry. When they bind, cytokines are released to stimulate T helper cells to make clones of the killer cell
