Specific response to infection

Question 1

What are the two main types of white blood cells involved in the specific immune system?

Answer 1

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Question 2

Where are lymphocytes from?

Answer 2

White bone marrow

Question 3

What are the two different types of lymphocytes?

Answer 3

B cells

T cells

Question 4

Where are B cells produced?

Answer 4

They are produced and mature in the bone marrow

Question 5

Where are B cell found once they mature?

Answer 5

Lymph glands and all over the body

Question 6

What cells are produced when B cells bind to an antigen?

Answer 6

B effector cells
Plasma cells
B memory cells

Question 7

What are the plasma cells?

Answer 7

They produce the antibodies to the antigens

Question 8

What do effector B cells do?

Answer 8

Divide to form plasma cells

Question 9

Where are T cells produced?

Answer 9

In the bone marrow but they mature in the thymus gland

Question 10

What cells are produced when T cells bind to an antigen?

Answer 10

T killer cells
T helper cells
T memory cells

Question 11

What are T killer cells?

Answer 11

Cells that produce chemicals to destroy infected body cells

Question 12

What are T helper cells?

Answer 12

They activate plasma cells to produce antibodies

Secrete opsonins to label pathogens for phagocytosis

Question 13

What is the major histocompatability complex?

Answer 13

Proteins that display antigens on the cell membrane

Question 14

What is the humoral response?

Answer 14

Reacts to antigens outside the body like fungi and to antigen-presenting body cells. It produces antibodies that are not attatched to cells and float through out the body

Question 15

What are the two main stages of the humoral response?

Answer 15

T helper acitvation

The effector stage

Question 16

What is the T helper activation stage of the humoral response?

Answer 16

Chemicals are produced by the pathogen that attract phagocytes. They combine the antigens of the pathogen with their histocompatability complex and present them on the surface of the cell.
The T cells bind to the phagocytes and make copies of the complimentry antibodies

Question 17

What is the effector stage of the humoral response?

Answer 17

Some B cells are complimentry and destroy the pathogen by phagocytosis before presenting the antigens
The T helper cell binds to it and releases cytokines which stimulate mitosis in the B effector cells

Question 18

What are the ways that antibodies can destroy pathogens?

Answer 18

Agglutination: Antibodies clump together on the pathogen so stop is spreading through the body and makes phagocytosis easier
Opsonisation: Makes the pathogen more easily recognised by phagocytes
Neutralisation: They neutralise the effects of toxins by binding to them

Question 19

How do antibodies destroy pathogens through agglutination?

Answer 19

Antibodies clump together on the pathogen so stop is spreading through the body and makes phagocytosis easier

Question 20

How do antibodies destroy pathogens through Opsonisation?

Answer 20

Makes the pathogen more easily recognised by phagocytes

Question 21

When is the cell-mediated response infected?

Answer 21

In viral infections where they replicate inside the host

Question 22

What is the cell-mediated response?

Answer 22

When a virus is inside a cell, it’s antigens are present on the surface. There are many T killer cells in the blood and some of them are complimentry. When they bind, cytokines are released to stimulate T helper cells to make clones of the killer cell