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Chemistry 101 > Specific Fun things about Specific Elements, Groups, and Compounds > Flashcards

Specific Fun things about Specific Elements, Groups, and Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the main thing that makes hydrogen so special?

A

It’s very small

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2
Q

Industial Methods of Creating Hydrogen

A

Water-gas shift reaction
C (solid) + H2O (gas) → CO (solid) + H2 (gas)

Steam Hydrocarbon Reforming
CH4 (solid) + H2O (gas) → CO2 (gas) + 3H2 (gas)
Note the CH4 can be any hydrocarbon

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3
Q

What do you get when a Hydrogeen reacts with metal?

A

Ionic Hydrides

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4
Q

What happens when a hydrogen reacts with a nonmetal?

A

You get a covalent compound

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5
Q

What happens when hydrogen mets transistion elements

A

Metal hydrides (Different from ionic hydrides)

The H2 molecules and H atoms occupy the holes (empty spaces) of the crystal structure of the transition elements
- Good for storage
- No single stoichimetic formula due to the variable amounts of hydrogen that can get in

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6
Q

How do we use hydrogen?

A

Haber Process
N2 (gas) + 3H2 (gas) → 2NH3 (gas)

Hydrogenation of Vegitible Oils

Alternative Fuel
H2 (gas) + 1/2O2 ( gas) → H2O (gas) + heat
- This is clean fuel

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7
Q

What makes hydrogen so hard to use as fuel effectivly?

A
  • H2 (gas) is very flamible and burns explosivly with O2
  • The production of H2 is not clean
  • Special containers are required to store the H2 under high pressure
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8
Q

Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 1

A

Alkali Metals
- Largest atomic size
- Lower densities
- Soft
- Malleable and ductile (able to be made into wire?)
- Good conductors
- Low melting and boiling points

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9
Q

Reactivity of Group 1

A

Very reactive
- wants to lose electrons
- Reacts spontaniously with O2 and H2O
- Reactions with O2 may create oxides, peroxides, and superoxides

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10
Q

Common uses for Gp 1 Elements?

A

Na is used in street lights
KCl is used in fertilizer

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11
Q

What makes this element weird?

Lithium

A

Group 1 Element
- Smallest Alkeli Metal
Forms Li2O with O2
- Li^+ and O^2-
- Interacts better with the smaller O^2- molecule than the larger O^- Molecule

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12
Q

What makes this element weird?

Berillium

A

Group 2
- Smaller and has a higher electronegativity
- Strong Covalent Character
- BeO is an amphoteric oxide
- Tends to form polymeric structures in the solid state

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13
Q

What makes this element weird?

Boron

A

Group 13
- High melting point, black, hard
- Hydrates are called Boranes
- Very Reactive, wants to complete the octet
- Dimerizes Easily

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14
Q

Describe

Aluminum

A

Group 13
- Most abundant element in the Earth’s crust
- High thermal and electical conductivity
- Forms covalent compounds with non-metals
- Dimerizes

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15
Q

Describe

Gallium

A

Group 13
- Low melting point: 29.8 C
- High boiling point: 2100 C
- Used as a replacement for mercury in thermometers due to the high range between melting and boiling points

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16
Q

Differences between:

Carbon and Silicon

A

Group 14
1. C-C single bonds are common, while Si-Si single bonds are not
2. C makes multiple bonds with other C atoms, Si-Si multilple bonds do not exist
3. Oxides of C and Si
- C oxides form molecular compounds, and may form multiple bonds
- Si oxides form giant covalent structures, and only have single bonds

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17
Q

Whats the fancy name for Group 15?

A

pnicogens

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18
Q

Whats the fancy name for group 16?

A

chalcogens

19
Q

What are the two types are phosphorus that we studied?

A

White and Red

20
Q

What are the differences between white and red phosphorus?

A

White
- Waxy, solid
- Toxic
- Low melting point
- Strained

Red
- Solid
- Non-toxic
- High melting point
- Not strained
- Used to make meth

21
Q

Industrial Applications of Boron

A
  • Boric acid (white solid) is used to dilute aqueous solutions, dispersed in pawder as as disinfectant, used to make fiberglass
  • Boron-containing glasses are reslistant to thermal shock
22
Q

Where do you find boron and how do you exctract it?

A

Found in borate minerals, Exctracted by converting then reducing

23
Q

Oxyacides of Nitrogen

A

Nitrous Acid HNO2
O.S. of N = +3
- Used in organic synthesis

Nitric Acid HNO3
O.S. of N = +5
- made via the Oswald process
- used to make fertalizers and explosive

24
Q

Oxyacides of Phosphorus

A

Phosphorous acid: H3PO3
O.S. of P = +3
- diprotic acid (one of the H’s is not ionizable)

Phosphoric Acid: H3PO4
O.S. of P = +5
- Triprotic acid

25
Common Oxides of Nitrogen
N2O - Colourless, sweet-smelling gas - Used as dental anasthetic, in recreational drugs, and as aerosol propellant in whipped cream NO - Colourless gas - Part of the nitrogen fixation cycle
26
Oxides of Phosphorus
P4O6 - White, waxy solid - Formed in reactions with limited O2 P4O10 - White solid - Formed in reactions with excess O2
27
Where do you typically find oxygen?
O2 - Paramagnetic - Exctracted from the atmophere via fractional distillation O3 - Pungange dimagnetic gas - low boiling point - Toxic to people, but protects the earth from UV rays, so theres that
28
# Describe Sulfur
Group 16 - Tends to from bonds with itself - yellow sulfur, S8, is the most stable version of it - Important in making fertilizers and other chemicals - Strong O.A. - Good dehydrating agent
29
# Describe Flurine
Group 17 - The most elecronegative element - O.N. is allways -1 in compounds - Never double bonds
30
Atomic and Physical properites of Group 2
**Alkeline Earth Metals** - Harder and higher melting points than Alkali Metals (higher lattice energy = higher ionic charge = higher melting point) - Less reactive than Alkali metals, but still very reactive - Naturaly found in ionic compounds - Reducing agents - Reacts with water M (solid) + 2H2O (liquid) → M(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (gas) - Often found as carbonates - Obtained by reduction via eletrolysis of their *molten salts* M^2+ (liquid) + 2e → M
31
Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 18
**Nobel Gases** - Unreactive - Low melting and boiling points - May create compounds under lab conditions
32
What are the types of oxides?
**Acidic Oxides** - Oxides of non-metals - Molecular compounds - Produce hydronium ions with water - React with bases **Basic Oxides** - Ocides of metals - Oxides of group 1 and 2 (exept BeO0 - Produce hydroxide ions with water - React with acids **Amphoteric Oxides** - properties of both acid and base - Does not allways react with water - Includes BeO - Only react with acids and bases
33
Acidic Oxides
Oxides of non-metals - Molecular compounds - Produce hydronium ions with water - React with bases
34
Basic Oxides
Ocides of metals - Oxides of group 1 and 2 (exept BeO0 - Produce hydroxide ions with water - React with acids
35
Amphoteric Oxides
**Amphoteric Oxides** - properties of both acid and base - Does not allways react with water - Includes BeO - Only react with acids and bases
36
What makes a good oxidition agent?
Molecules are compounds with elements in high (+) oxidation states
37
What makes a good reducing agent?
Molecules are compounds with elements in low (-) oxidation states
38
Does Oxidative power of halogens increase or decrease down the group
Oxidative power decreases down the group
39
In Group 1 and Group 2, does reducing power increase or decrease down the group
It increases down the group - The lower the I.E., the more reducing it is - Larger atoms have lower I.E. and are more reducing
40
What is the oxidation state trends of Gp. 15?
In ionic compounds, N and P tend to have O.S of 3- In covalent compounds, the O.S ranges from -3 to +5 - As you procced down the group negative oxidation states become less stable until +3 is the only common O.S. for Bi
41
Uses for Nitrogen?
- Fertilizer (Made via the Haber Process) - inert blanketing gas for packaging - Useful cyrogen
42
What types of oxydes can alkali metals make? | In exess of oxygen
Li2O → 2Li^+ + O^2- This is with an oxide Na2O2 → 2Na^+ + O2^2- This is a peroxide MO2 → M + O2^(1/2)- This is a superoxide The oxygen molecules get bigger as you go down the row
43
What are the allotopes of carbon?
**Carbon, Graphite** * Each C covalently bonded to 3 other C * Soft, slippery * Conductive **Diamond** * Giant Covalent * Has a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice * High MP * Non-conductive * Very Hard **Carbon "Bucky" Ball or Fullerenes** * Molecular * Many medical ues (easy to add compounds to) **Carbon Nanotubes**
44
What makes Silicon similar to diamond
* Has an extended structure (or covalent network) * Has an FCC lattice (like diamond) * Hard and high MP SiC (silicon carbide) also has a covalent network and has FCC lattice

Chemistry 101 (6 decks)

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