Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Psychology Final > Specific Diseases > Flashcards

Specific Diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is bolus insulin secretion?

A

Increased insulin release after a meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is basal insulin secretion?

A

Insulin release overnight and between meals to maintain constant glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are common complications of diabetes?

A

Retinopathy, nephropathy, nerve damage, sexual dysfunction, hypertension, and loss of peripheral circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is HbA1C?

A

Measuring glucose bound to hemoglobin. Measures the average past 6-8 weeks blood glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

Sounds between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is borderline high systolic bp?

A

120-140

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is normal systolic bp?

A

under 120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is borderline diastolic bp?

A

80-90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is normal diastolic bp?

A

under 80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Blockage of an artery supplying the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an MI?

A

Ischemia causes some of the heart muscle to die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common cause of heart disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Buildup of plaque on artery walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

any impairment of blood supply or reduction of
arterial elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is “good cholesterol”?

A

HDL (Good at above 60)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

LDL (Below 160 with no risk factors); Can lead to atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is C-reactive protein (CRP)?

A

An indicator of systemic inflammation, CRP predicts heart disease risk, in ppl with heart disease it can predict mortality risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is homocysteine?

A

Methionine biproduct; high levels are associated with heart disease risk and anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common type of stroke?

A

Ischemic stroke; blood clot forms and blocks flow to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

TIA, “warning stroke”, a true stroke will often follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an aneurism?

A

blood-filled pouches that balloon
out from weak spots in the artery wall. They’re
often caused or made worse by high blood
pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the warning signs of a stroke?

A

Unilateral weakness, sudden confusion, trouble seeing, lost coordination, and sudden severe headache with no cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which stroke type are you more likely to recover from?

A

Hemorrhagic because the brain cells aren’t usually killed like with ischemic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are risk factors for heart disease?

A

Smoking, obesity, low physical activity, stress, drug abuse, diet, chronic gingivitis, and even type A personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the best predictor of heart disease risk?

A

Hostility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does aspirin reduce risk of first heart attack?

A

Reducing prostaglandins and decreasing clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Stopping a disease from occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

prevent disease in people at high risk or with early signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

prevent the complications or bad outcomes once a person has a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Cancer of epithelial tissue in skin and organ linings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Cancer of connective tissue or bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cancer stage 0?

A

Cancer in situ (surface cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is cancer stage 1?

A

localized growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is cancer stage 2?

A

Limited local spread of cancerous
cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is cancer stage 3?

A

Extensive local and regional
spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is cancer stage 4?

A

Distant metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How common is skin cancer?

A

Around 50% of americans who reach 65 will get it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Mohs’ surgery for skin cancer?

A

combination of
freezing and shaving thin layers of
skin that are examined
microscopically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some less well known risks for breast cancer?

A

Older a woman is when she has her first child, never had children, obesity after menopause, and hormone therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the most common breast cancer treatments?

A

Local (surgery), chemo, radiation, hormone therapy (blocking them or ovary removal), immunotherapy (immune cells kill cancer cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the more common type of lung cancer?

A

Non Small cell (spreads more slowly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are common lung cancer treatments?

A

Surgery, chemo, photodynamic therapy, targeted therapy, and immune therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is photodynamic therapy?

A

patient is given a drug
that attaches to cancer cells, cells exposed to
light (usually laser) and the light activates the
drug killing the cancer cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is targeted cancer therapy?

A

drugs are matched to tumor DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is asthma?

A

Reversible airway obstruction (spontaneously or with treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Abnormal or uncomfortable breathing (air hunger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes an asthma attack?

A

Mucus build up, swelling, lung spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What triggers asthma?

A

Environmental triggers that cause inflammation, mucus secretion, or bronchospasm: secondhand smoke (ETS), dust mites, pets, mold, pollen etc., exercise, and strong emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is exercise induced asthma?

A

Asthma due to exercise, cold temps make it worse, depends on sport, and chlorine can make it worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are common asthma treatments?

A

Exercise, albuterol (beta agonists that open airway), long-acting bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory meds (like steroids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the side effects of corticosteroids?

A

Fluid retention, glucose intolerance, weight gain, increased appetite, depression, hypertension, ulcers, osteoporosis

52
Q

What is peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

Measuring ability to push air out of lungs, reduced by asthma, used to monitor asthma severity; measured by zones (Green, yellow, red (50% of your normal)

53
Q

What is COPD?

A

Irreversible airway obstruction; often caused by smoking

54
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Lung tissue destruction, chronic cough, chest tightness etc, leads to complete disability then death

55
Q

What are the common COPD presentations?

A

Pink puffers: increased breathing effort to get O2
Blue bloaters: suffering from lack of O2, cannot breath had enough to meet demand

56
Q

At what length of time is it chonic pain?

A

6 months

57
Q

What is secondary gain?

A

In the instance of pain, we do behaviors that are rewarded by sympathy (like crying)

58
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

We get signals from the periphery and the “spinal gate” determines what gets to our brain. This controls our pain experience. Descending pathways can also close the gate

59
Q

What is the pathway from nerves to brain?

A

Nerve –> substantia gelatinosa –> reticular formation (immediate action) OR thalamus to cortex

60
Q

How do we close the “gate” of pain to the brain?

A
  1. Stimulate fast fibers (applying ice, rubbing the area)
  2. Inhibition from the brain (distraction, motivation, fear)
61
Q

What are the 3 components of pain?

A

Nociception, emotion, and cognition

61
Q

What are the 3 components of pain?

A

Nociception, emotion, and cognition

62
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

Theory of chronic pain. CNS circuits disconnect from the original pain, pain signals cycle in brain without any sensory input. This causes hypersensitivity and is maintained by anxiety.

63
Q

How common is back pain?

A

Prevalence around 30%. 1/3 of disability costs are for chronic back pain

64
Q

What is a migraine?

A

Severe throbbing headache, more common in women, triggered by temp, sound light, hormones, allergies, and emotions

65
Q

What are the stages of a migraine?

A
  1. Prodrome: vague vegetative/affective symptoms
  2. Aura: around 1 hr before, visual, sensory, language
  3. Headache (hours to days)
  4. Resolution
  5. Hangover
66
Q

What is a cluster headache?

A

Stabbing pain around eye. Caused by BV constriction in brain/scalp. Occurs multiple times a day for weeks/months. Associated with smoking. More common in men.

67
Q

What is a tension headache?

A

Feels like a band around head. From tension in head and face muscles. Most common headache type. Caused by anxiety + stress.

68
Q

What is fibromyalgia?

A

Widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue with unknown origin. Dismissed by some scientists.

69
Q

What are triggers of fibromyalgia (FMS)?

A

Weather, cold environments, hormone changes, stress, exertion

70
Q

What is myofascial pain syndrome? (MPS)

A

Focalized bodily pain, development of trigger points (spot starving for O2) from sensitized nearby nerves. Crearates referred pain.

71
Q

How do we treat MPS?

A

Trigger point therapy, spray and stretch, injections, dry needling, chiropractor, exercise, sleep changes, low dose antidepressants, biofeedback

72
Q

What is TENS?

A

Blocks the “gate” and stimulates endorphin release. High freq electrical stimulation of nerve disrupts pain signal

73
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

Use an audio/visual signal that gives us feedback from relaxation, focusing, etc.

74
Q

CBT and pain

A

Goal: change how you view pain to change the pain experience, coping, break stress-pain cycle, improve strength

75
Q

How does hypnosis help pain?

A

Induce relaxed state, provide a suggestion (example: it will not hurt OR it isn’t pain it’s warmth), requires repeated sessions

76
Q

What are the two leading causes of death globally?

A

Cancer and heart disease

77
Q

What is the demographic transition?

A

When people move to urban areas, standards of living improve and infectious diseases drop but chronic disease rates increase (diseases of ease).

78
Q

How many people have disabilities worldwide?

A

1 billion in 2020

79
Q

What is the multi-dimensional model of disability?

A

Disability as a complex continuum that says how well we’re able to engage in everyday activities

80
Q

What are secondary health outcomes?

A

Health problems that are the result of another impairment like obesity or schizophrenia

81
Q

What are common barriers to care?

A

Money, transportation, poor care, negative healthcare experiences, can’t take time off, denied care

82
Q

What are the four major health care needs?

A

Accessibility, affordability, availability, and quality

83
Q

What is a care coordinator?

A

Person who manages complex medical needs

84
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Pain + swelling of joints due to inflammation.

85
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Most common form of arthritis. Affects hand and weight bearing joints. Increased risk with age. Seen more in females. Can require joint replacement

86
Q

What is gout?

A

Buildup of uric acid. Deposits in joints and causes inflammation. Mostly in men over 40 and diagnosed by blood tests for uric acid.

87
Q

What rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the joints/organs. Rheumatoid nodules form under the skin in areas subject to pressure. Mostly in women

88
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?

A

Mostly by rheumatoid factor antibody

89
Q

What is lupus?

A

Rheumatic disease. Chronic inflammation affecting heart, lungs, skin, joints, blood-forming organs, kidneys, and nervous system

90
Q

What are the symptoms of lupus?

A

Butterfly rash, discoid (scally) rash, sunlight sensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, kidney failure, blood problems, etc.

91
Q

What are the two named autoimmune thryroid diseases form class?

A

Graves (hyperthyroid) and Hasimoto’s (Hypothyroid from destruction of the thyroid)

92
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Known as Lou Gehrig’s. Progressive neuromuscular disease that destroys nerve cells in brain (motor neurons) + spinal cord. Loss of nervous control of voluntary muscles, loss of muscle movement and finally respiratory, but does not affect cognition.

93
Q

What is Sjogren’s syndrome?

A

Autoimmune disease that damages the mucus membranes, especially eyes and mouth. Redness and dryness, tooth decay. Progresses to joints, thyroid, kidneys, liver, lungs, skin, nerves.

94
Q

What does the 2nd amendment say?

A

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

95
Q

Are firearms a significant public health problem?

A

Yes!! Millions of guns and 45,000 deaths per year, 46 billion per year in total costs. We have approx 1 gun per person BUT that’s from ppl owning multiple guns.

96
Q

What are 3 points of intervention for reducing gun injury?

A

Personal, environmental, political

97
Q

What factors can lead a person to pull the trigger?

A

Individual characteristics, social network, firearm availability

98
Q

When is the best point to influence a person’s likelihood of pulling the trigger?

A

The point of decision

99
Q

What are life course trajectories?

A

patterns of cognition, affect, and behavior that are coherent
and stable over time (e.g., eating and exercise habits)

100
Q

What are transitions in the life course?

A

points in life where changes in context and setting occur (e.g.,
starting college, getting married, having a child, retirement)

101
Q

What are turning points in the life course?

A

transitions where a major change in trajectory occurs (e.g.,
become a vegetarian, death of spouse, give up premed)

102
Q

What is the life course analysis?

A

Understanding the cumulative impact of trajectories, settings, and transitions on physical and emotional well-being

103
Q

What is cumulative exposure?

A

Repeated exposure to certain risk factors

104
Q

What is risk clustering?

A

Life trajectory exposes an individual to multiple correlated risks (example: smoking)

105
Q

Life course analysis of infants and toddlers

A

Life trajectories come from parents and begin to form, main health challenges are infectious disease, failure to thrive, and unintentional injury

106
Q

Life course analysis of pre-school

A

Preferences and habits form. Health challenges added are gender identity, obesity risk, delayed learning

107
Q

Life course analysis of primary school

A

Personal and cultural identity forms, peer groups. Health challenges added are metabolic syndrome and possible substance use

108
Q

Life course analysis of pre-adolescence

A

Fixation of personal and social identity. New challenges: isk of violence, suicide, self-regulation of health, more substance use, risky behaviors

109
Q

Life course analysis of adolescence

A

Person autonomy transition. New challenges: criminal behavior, weight gain, chronic and mental illnesses emerge

110
Q

What are Levinson’s life phases?

A

Pre adulthood – birth to 17
* Early adult transition 17-22
* Early adulthood 22-45
* Mid life transition 40-45
* Middle adulthood 45-65
* Late adulthood after 65

111
Q

Life course analysis of adult transition

A

Full autonomy. Challenges: starting health habits, serious mental illness, coping with daily hassles and stress, setting stage for later chronic diseases, obesity at this time can put you at high risk for lifelong obesity

112
Q

Life course analysis of early adulthood

A

Career and family. Health: maintaining activity and strength, cumulative exposure, fewer risky behaviors but still risk for violence, substance use, and suicide

113
Q

Life course analysis of middle adulthood

A

Turning points, caring for aging parents, come to terms with purpose of your life. Challenges: physical, cognitive, and social decline. Health problems like cancer emerge.

114
Q

Life course analysis of late adulthood

A

LOTS of changes. Transition to retirement, death of close family and friends, money, closure, isolation. Life threatening health problems, facing death

115
Q

What was the Tuskegee Syphilis study?

A

Done on African American men with syphilis. Did not give them treatment, most died from the disease AND infected their partners.

116
Q

What is the Nuremberg Code?

A

Standards to prevent inhumane human experiments. Called for informed consent, injury, and qualified scientists.

117
Q

What are the four pillars of medical and research ethics?

A

Autonomy, non-maleficence (do no harm), justice (equity not equality), and beneficence (seek best outcome)

118
Q

What is medical power of attorney?

A

Allowing another person to make medical decisions for you if you can’t, interpret your advanced directives and make decisions

119
Q

What is faith?

A

Belief without proof. Willingness to act on those beliefs, trust, and a feeling of assurance that we’re at home in the world

120
Q

What is fanaticism?

A

When you’re so sure you are right that you impose your beliefs on others

121
Q

What are super-empirical forces?

A

There may be
energies we cannot yet measure that are part
of many religious traditions. These energies
may be accessed through prayer, worship,
meditation, and other healing practices.

122
Q

What is the happiness equation?

A

Happiness =haves / (wants+needs)

123
Q

What is consumerism?

A

There may be
energies we cannot yet measure that are part
of many religious traditions. These energies
may be accessed through prayer, worship,
meditation, and other healing practices.; Inflates the denominator of the happiness equation!! ENEMY OF HAPPINESS.

124
Q

What are the three degrees of freedom in life?

A
  1. Ideal job
  2. Live in ideal location
  3. Share life with ideal person
    We rarely get al 3 all the time!!
125
Q

What do we mean by tending your garden?

A

Build a personal environment that allows us to grow, have good health, and be happy. Accept what you cannot control

Health Psychology Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions