Species Concept and Towards Speciation Flashcards by mella !!

Only rational and scientific approach to this biodiversity crisis

Taxonomy

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_____ _____ suffer from environmental crises since they don’t have enough means to study their own biodiversity

Developing countries

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Taxonomy helps us know more about _____ and _____ _____

biodiversity and environmental conservation

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demarcation of species

microtaxonomy

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classification of organisms above species level

macrotaxonomy

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recognition and description; under microtaxonomy

α-taxonomy

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Steps of α-taxonomy (SBCSPV)

Selection, Background, Collection of samples, Storage, Producing a Key, Verification

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economic or medical significance

selection

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related literature, contact experts, join interest groups, visit museums

background

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involves technique, securing a permit for legal purposes. this is significant in identification

collection of samples

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voucher specimens, proof of existence of species, labeling. take note of storage requirements

storage

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making it available, contact experts and check type specimens

producing a key

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expert sees if specimen is novel and comparison of type specimens

verification

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classification of species in hierarchical system (above species); under micro and macrotaxonomy

β-taxonomy

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understanding the evolutionary processes and patterns behind characteristics of taxons; under macrotaxonomy

γ-taxonomy

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group of closely related organisms with similar characteristics

species

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species are capable of _____________ and producing _____________ _____________

interbreeding; fertile offspring

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“_____ _____” in biological classification from which concepts of higher and lower groups are developed

Building bricks

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any different kind of thing

eidos

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Who said that variations are _____ since it does not distinguish a species permanently since a species never springs from the seed of another?

John Ray - accidents

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Who said that deviant forms were not deserving to the rank of species but rather of _____?

Linnaeus - variety

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“Conditioned by _____” - _____

function; Cuvier

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Species does not essentially differ from the term _____ - _____

variety; Darwin

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classification system which relies on SIMILARITIES of organisms

phenetic

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looks at morphology, cytology, biochemistry, anatomy, etc.

phenetic

does NOT deal with ancestry

phenetic

looks at ancestry and how characters arose in evolution

phylogenetic

does NOT deal with modern-day characteristics

phylogenetic

members of a species are individuals that look similar to one another

Morphological Species Concept (MSC)

species is a community whose distinctive _____ _____ are sufficiently definite to entitle it to a specific name - (Regan, 1926)

morphological characters

species are the _____ _____ that are consistently and persistently distinct and distinguishable

smallest group

problems with msc: it is ___/___ because individuals of two populations look so similar but would not mate with one another

arbitrary/subjective

there are _____ _____ species (_____) but are from different lineages

morphologically indistinguishable; sympatric

organisms of the same species can look very different

mimicry

resembles a model that is poisonous or unpleasant; deceitful mimicry

batesian

equally poisonous or distasteful species have similar color patterns; honest mimicry. reinforces the warning given to predators

mullerian

species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding who are reproductively isolated

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

when two related organisms can't bear offspring together, they are now _____ _____

individual species

set of individuals that reproduce to new individuals similar to themselves

reproductive continuity

lacks an _____ _____ perspective which is why it is _____

evolutionary lineage; non-dimensional

if they do not interbreed, they are good species; clear separation

sympatric populations

difficult to assess whether they are "potentially interbreeding"; less clear

allopatric populations

groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation; geographical isolation

allopatric speciation

groups from same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation; reproductive isolation

sympatric speciation

reproduction among members of genetically distinct population; common among many groups

hybridization

the breeding of _____ breaks the rule of BSC

ligers (lion & tiger)

non-sexual movement of genetic info between genomes; also known as lateral gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

three types of horizontal gene transfer (TCT)

transformation, conjugation and transduction

lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies

Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC)

solves the _____ problem of BSC since its allowed as long it does not affect the evolutionary trajectory

hybridization

accepts _____ or _____ species which are considered same species

clones or clonal

brings low genetic diversity since it does not exchange DNA and has no fertilization; has its own evolutionary path/history and is still considered as species

vegetative reproduction

problems with esc: defining evolutionary _____/_____ is arbitrary

independence/delineation

smallest diagnosable monophyletic group where there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent which are considered species; members share derived characters and are treated as evidence of descent

phylogenetic species concept (psc)

includes all descendants and their most recent common ancestor; aka clade

monophyletic group

what taxon characters are evidence for the PSC? (MBB)

morphological, behavioral and biochemical

shared characters from ancestor to descendants

novel/unique characters

_____ _____are NOT considered; only recent characters

ancestral states

problems with psc

what characters to use, what level of divergence, what distinguishes a species from a gene tree

problems with psc

what characters to use, what level of divergence, what distinguishes a species from a gene tree

reflects the process of replication at a local level; shows different points of mutation

gene trees

philosophical term that deals with doctrine of multiplicity; there are multiple truths NOT only one

pluralism

pluralism reflects _____ _____ which takes the species, gene and other trees and reconciles them into one tree

polyphasic taxonomy

Species derived from a sequential development pattern which involves continual and uniform changes from an extinct ancestral form on an evolutionary scale

Chronospecies

Animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distinct

Cryptic species

A species that is native to where it is found

Endemic species

Members of the species can be further divided into a minimum of two subspecies

Polytypic species

Assigned to be extinct but later discovered to exist later in the fossil record or unexpectedly found to be alive

Lazarus species

Closely related species which were geographically separated by a physical barrier

Vicariant species

Biological factors that prevent interbreeding which separates a population and creates a new different species

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

Species exist as a result of _______ _______ caused by _______ _______

gradual change; natural selection

favors certain characteristics in certain environments

natural selection

True or False: There is a particular point where a population has split into two new species

False

Describes the role an organism plays which encompasses both physical and environmental conditions as well as interactions with other species

Niche

Happens before the formation of a zygote which prevents mating from occurring and prevents gametes from forming a zygote

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Population is isolated through time since they may breed in different seasons, different times a day and years

Temporal isolation

Same geographic area but different habitats

Habitat Isolation

Little or no sexual attraction despite different courtship rituals

Behavioral/Ethological Isolation

Structural differences which prevent copulation or pollen transfer

Mechanical Isolation

When sperms cannot fertilize eggs

Gametic Isolation

Happens after zygote formation which prevents hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile adults

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Hybrid zygotes that fail to develop or reach sexual maturity and prezygotic mechanisms are absent which causes interspecific zygotes (fertilization between different species)

Reduced hybrid viability

Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

Reduced hybrid fertility

First generation hybrids are viable and fertile but the offsprings have reduced viability or fertility

Hybrid breakdown