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bio 110 > Species Concept and Towards Speciation > Flashcards

Species Concept and Towards Speciation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Only rational and scientific approach to this biodiversity crisis

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

_____ _____ suffer from environmental crises since they don’t have enough means to study their own biodiversity

A

Developing countries

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3
Q

Taxonomy helps us know more about _____ and _____ _____

A

biodiversity and environmental conservation

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4
Q

demarcation of species

A

microtaxonomy

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5
Q

classification of organisms above species level

A

macrotaxonomy

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6
Q

recognition and description; under microtaxonomy

A

α-taxonomy

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7
Q

Steps of α-taxonomy (SBCSPV)

A

Selection, Background, Collection of samples, Storage, Producing a Key, Verification

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8
Q

economic or medical significance

A

selection

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9
Q

related literature, contact experts, join interest groups, visit museums

A

background

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10
Q

involves technique, securing a permit for legal purposes. this is significant in identification

A

collection of samples

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11
Q

voucher specimens, proof of existence of species, labeling. take note of storage requirements

A

storage

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12
Q

making it available, contact experts and check type specimens

A

producing a key

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13
Q

expert sees if specimen is novel and comparison of type specimens

A

verification

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14
Q

classification of species in hierarchical system (above species); under micro and macrotaxonomy

A

β-taxonomy

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15
Q

understanding the evolutionary processes and patterns behind characteristics of taxons; under macrotaxonomy

A

γ-taxonomy

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16
Q

group of closely related organisms with similar characteristics

A

species

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17
Q

species are capable of _____________ and producing _____________ _____________

A

interbreeding; fertile offspring

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18
Q

“_____ _____” in biological classification from which concepts of higher and lower groups are developed

A

Building bricks

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19
Q

any different kind of thing

A

eidos

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20
Q

Who said that variations are _____ since it does not distinguish a species permanently since a species never springs from the seed of another?

A

John Ray - accidents

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21
Q

Who said that deviant forms were not deserving to the rank of species but rather of _____?

A

Linnaeus - variety

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22
Q

“Conditioned by _____” - _____

A

function; Cuvier

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23
Q

Species does not essentially differ from the term _____ - _____

A

variety; Darwin

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24
Q

classification system which relies on SIMILARITIES of organisms

A

phenetic

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25
Q

looks at morphology, cytology, biochemistry, anatomy, etc.

A

phenetic

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26
Q

does NOT deal with ancestry

A

phenetic

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27
Q

looks at ancestry and how characters arose in evolution

A

phylogenetic

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28
Q

does NOT deal with modern-day characteristics

A

phylogenetic

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29
Q

members of a species are individuals that look similar to one another

A

Morphological Species Concept (MSC)

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30
Q

species is a community whose distinctive _____ _____ are sufficiently definite to entitle it to a specific name - (Regan, 1926)

A

morphological characters

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31
Q

species are the _____ _____ that are consistently and persistently distinct and distinguishable

A

smallest group

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32
Q

problems with msc: it is ___/___ because individuals of two populations look so similar but would not mate with one another

A

arbitrary/subjective

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33
Q

there are _____ _____ species (_____) but are from different lineages

A

morphologically indistinguishable; sympatric

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34
Q

organisms of the same species can look very different

A

mimicry

35
Q

resembles a model that is poisonous or unpleasant; deceitful mimicry

A

batesian

36
Q

equally poisonous or distasteful species have similar color patterns; honest mimicry. reinforces the warning given to predators

A

mullerian

37
Q

species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding who are reproductively isolated

A

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

38
Q

when two related organisms can’t bear offspring together, they are now _____ _____

A

individual species

39
Q

set of individuals that reproduce to new individuals similar to themselves

A

reproductive continuity

40
Q

lacks an _____ _____ perspective which is why it is _____

A

evolutionary lineage; non-dimensional

41
Q

if they do not interbreed, they are good species; clear separation

A

sympatric populations

42
Q

difficult to assess whether they are “potentially interbreeding”; less clear

A

allopatric populations

43
Q

groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation; geographical isolation

A

allopatric speciation

44
Q

groups from same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation; reproductive isolation

A

sympatric speciation

45
Q

reproduction among members of genetically distinct population; common among many groups

A

hybridization

46
Q

the breeding of _____ breaks the rule of BSC

A

ligers (lion & tiger)

47
Q

non-sexual movement of genetic info between genomes; also known as lateral gene transfer

A

horizontal gene transfer

48
Q

three types of horizontal gene transfer (TCT)

A

transformation, conjugation and transduction

49
Q

lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies

A

Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC)

50
Q

solves the _____ problem of BSC since its allowed as long it does not affect the evolutionary trajectory

A

hybridization

51
Q

accepts _____ or _____ species which are considered same species

A

clones or clonal

52
Q

brings low genetic diversity since it does not exchange DNA and has no fertilization; has its own evolutionary path/history and is still considered as species

A

vegetative reproduction

53
Q

problems with esc: defining evolutionary _____/_____ is arbitrary

A

independence/delineation

54
Q

smallest diagnosable monophyletic group where there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent which are considered species; members share derived characters and are treated as evidence of descent

A

phylogenetic species concept (psc)

55
Q

includes all descendants and their most recent common ancestor; aka clade

A

monophyletic group

56
Q

what taxon characters are evidence for the PSC? (MBB)

A

morphological, behavioral and biochemical

57
Q

shared characters from ancestor to descendants

A

novel/unique characters

58
Q

_____ _____are NOT considered; only recent characters

A

ancestral states

59
Q

problems with psc

A

what characters to use, what level of divergence, what distinguishes a species from a gene tree

60
Q

problems with psc

A

what characters to use, what level of divergence, what distinguishes a species from a gene tree

61
Q

reflects the process of replication at a local level; shows different points of mutation

A

gene trees

62
Q

philosophical term that deals with doctrine of multiplicity; there are multiple truths NOT only one

A

pluralism

63
Q

pluralism reflects _____ _____ which takes the species, gene and other trees and reconciles them into one tree

A

polyphasic taxonomy

64
Q

Species derived from a sequential development pattern which involves continual and uniform changes from an extinct ancestral form on an evolutionary scale

A

Chronospecies

65
Q

Animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distinct

A

Cryptic species

66
Q

A species that is native to where it is found

A

Endemic species

67
Q

Members of the species can be further divided into a minimum of two subspecies

A

Polytypic species

68
Q

Assigned to be extinct but later discovered to exist later in the fossil record or unexpectedly found to be alive

A

Lazarus species

69
Q

Closely related species which were geographically separated by a physical barrier

A

Vicariant species

70
Q

Biological factors that prevent interbreeding which separates a population and creates a new different species

A

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

71
Q

Species exist as a result of _______ _______ caused by _______ _______

A

gradual change; natural selection

72
Q

favors certain characteristics in certain environments

A

natural selection

73
Q

True or False: There is a particular point where a population has split into two new species

A

False

74
Q

Describes the role an organism plays which encompasses both physical and environmental conditions as well as interactions with other species

A

Niche

75
Q

Happens before the formation of a zygote which prevents mating from occurring and prevents gametes from forming a zygote

A

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

76
Q

Population is isolated through time since they may breed in different seasons, different times a day and years

A

Temporal isolation

77
Q

Same geographic area but different habitats

A

Habitat Isolation

78
Q

Little or no sexual attraction despite different courtship rituals

A

Behavioral/Ethological Isolation

79
Q

Structural differences which prevent copulation or pollen transfer

A

Mechanical Isolation

80
Q

When sperms cannot fertilize eggs

A

Gametic Isolation

81
Q

Happens after zygote formation which prevents hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile adults

A

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

82
Q

Hybrid zygotes that fail to develop or reach sexual maturity and prezygotic mechanisms are absent which causes interspecific zygotes (fertilization between different species)

A

Reduced hybrid viability

83
Q

Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

A

Reduced hybrid fertility

84
Q

First generation hybrids are viable and fertile but the offsprings have reduced viability or fertility

A

Hybrid breakdown

bio 110 (4 decks)

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