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History of Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

If Aristotle focused on zoology, his student Theophrastos focused on _____.

A

plants/botany

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2
Q

The key features considered in making divisions in animals was the circulatory system, while in plants these were _____ and _____.

A

growth and reproduction

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3
Q

_____ had a method of observing, noting characters and combinations, and then making conclusions. Because of this method, he is considered the first to make a scientific attempt at classification and the first botanical systematist.

A

Andrea Cesalpino

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4
Q

Botany reached full maturity because _____ was the first to abandon full trust in ancient botany.

A

Valerius Cordus

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5
Q

_____ is the first to use the word “family” that is the same with its present use in taxonomy.

A

Pierre Magnol

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6
Q

_____ is a set of easily recognizable and visible characters. It was the main goal of _____ to develop one.

A

Key; Joseph Tournefort

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7
Q

What era was characterized as Lukso ng Damdamin and what does it mean?

A

Ancient Greeks - Anticipation of nature where human reasoning is rash and premature

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8
Q

Genos

A

genus - expressed unity of a certain group

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9
Q

Eidos

A

species - members of genus

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10
Q

No third option (only true and false) and a species must belong somewhere. This was popular during Ancient Greek.

A

Tertium non datur

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11
Q

In the Ancient Greek era, this type of reasoning was used

A

deductive reasoning

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12
Q

What system was a key feature in the basis of classification for animals?

A

Circulatory system

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13
Q

What philosophy did Aristotle develop and what is it about? What idea did it contrast?

A

Ladder of Nature - hierarchy of existing levels/living things with no boundaries from one another; tertium non datur

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14
Q

What did Theophrastos describe and how do we know it now?

A

Genera - monocots and dicots

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15
Q

Theophrastos divided plants into _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

trees, shrubs, under shrubs and herbs

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16
Q

Both Aristotle and Theophrastus did not come up with _____

A

clear classification scheme

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17
Q

German herbalists that made it possible to look at nature in an unbiased way. They reflected these through _____ and they arranged _____ _____

A

Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs and Conrad Gesner; illustrations; genera alphabetically

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18
Q

mastered floral morphology but was not reflected on work

A

Hieronymous Bock

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19
Q

Cesalpino combined both _____ and _____ thinking

A

deductive and inductive

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20
Q

Was the first to create clear tree for classification using combination of characters. used _____, _____, _____, and _____ (RBFS) as plant parts for basis of combination

A

Pierre Magnol; roots, branches, flowers and seeds

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21
Q

English naturalist and philosopher that used purely morphological criteria

A

John Ray

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22
Q

Ray stabilized the meaning of genus and species through facts by assigning _____ _____ _____ of _____ _____ to the category _____

A

actual taxonomic groups; relative importance; genus

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23
Q

made inventory of characters as criteria for _____

A

a posteriori

24
Q

John Ray used _____ _____ (or inductive) rather than deductive

A

empirical data

25
Tournefort placed an emphasis on _____ as this indispensable requirement will be able to know the _____ properties
names; medicinal
26
Linnaeus thinks that systematics is a _____ __ _____ that guides scientists through the problems faced in botany
thread of ariadne
27
Used _____ in the binomial naming of species
Latin
28
Elaborated on the Tournefortian definition of genus that species with same _____ _____ of flower parts belong to the same _____
geometrical design; genus
29
Criteria for genus (NSSP)
number, shape, size, proportion
30
_____ and _____ were made up for better organization while _____ and _____ are based on reality
class and order; genus and species
31
Weakness of Linnaeus
species were still unchanging
32
Prime achievement of Linnaeus
Classification
33
Free of traditional thought and religious influence. Recognized that species have the ability to procreate
Comte de Buffon
34
Through _____ ____, present independent species arose from a common ancestor
comparative anatomy
35
primitive groups followed by advanced
phylogenetic system
36
a community was related through _____ (common ancestry)
genealogy
37
Who formulated the biological species concept and what is it about?
Comte de Buffon, species is a physical identity
38
His natural method became the prototype of all natural systems
Michel Adanson
39
Nature is _____ and _____ with just _____ and _____ being
one and undivided; one and universal
40
Inventory of characters to use as criteria for classification a posteriori (based on known facts, observations)
Intrinsic weighing of characters
41
Adanson was the first to search about _____ in speciation
heredity or hereditary mutations
42
We had a common ancestor and that there are shared characteristics
Hybridization
43
Deductive reasoning from past principles and generalizations; top to bottom logic; knowledge independent of experience
A priori
44
Inductive reasoning based on observation of evidence then forming a generalization; gained from experience; bottom to top logic
A posteriori
45
general principle -> special case
deductive reasoning
46
special case -> general principle
inductive reasoning
47
History of the evolution of species in reference to lines of descent and relationships among groups of organisms
Phylogeny
48
Phylogeny looks at the story through the _____ of a certain species
ancestry
49
Proposed by Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin in the 19th Century
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
50
Organisms fit for their environment produce more offspring that are able to _____, _____ and _____
survive, grow and mature
51
Natural selection is also known as.....
survival of the fittest
52
German botanist that divided the plant kingdom into 13 groups and created the phylogenetic system
Adolf Engler
53
Emrbyophyta siphonogama is the 13th group which is also known as....
spermatophytes - seed-bearing plants
54
Spermatophytes were divided into _____ and _____ which were further subdivided into _____ and _____
gymnosperms and angiosperms; monocotyledones and dicotyledons
55
arrangement according to evolutionary affinities and timelines
phylogenetic system
56
weakness of phylogenetic system
simplicity is equal to primitivity
57
Who is the proponent of Ranalian school of thought (mod. by J. Hutchinson) which stated that angiosperms arose from gymnosperms and looked at the _____ _____ of flowering plant classification
Charles Bassey; modern system

bio 110 (4 decks)

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