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bio 110 > History of Systematics > Flashcards

History of Systematics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If Aristotle focused on zoology, his student Theophrastos focused on _____.

A

plants/botany

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2
Q

The key features considered in making divisions in animals was the circulatory system, while in plants these were _____ and _____.

A

growth and reproduction

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3
Q

_____ had a method of observing, noting characters and combinations, and then making conclusions. Because of this method, he is considered the first to make a scientific attempt at classification and the first botanical systematist.

A

Andrea Cesalpino

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4
Q

Botany reached full maturity because _____ was the first to abandon full trust in ancient botany.

A

Valerius Cordus

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5
Q

_____ is the first to use the word “family” that is the same with its present use in taxonomy.

A

Pierre Magnol

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6
Q

_____ is a set of easily recognizable and visible characters. It was the main goal of _____ to develop one.

A

Key; Joseph Tournefort

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7
Q

What era was characterized as Lukso ng Damdamin and what does it mean?

A

Ancient Greeks - Anticipation of nature where human reasoning is rash and premature

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8
Q

Genos

A

genus - expressed unity of a certain group

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9
Q

Eidos

A

species - members of genus

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10
Q

No third option (only true and false) and a species must belong somewhere. This was popular during Ancient Greek.

A

Tertium non datur

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11
Q

In the Ancient Greek era, this type of reasoning was used

A

deductive reasoning

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12
Q

What system was a key feature in the basis of classification for animals?

A

Circulatory system

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13
Q

What philosophy did Aristotle develop and what is it about? What idea did it contrast?

A

Ladder of Nature - hierarchy of existing levels/living things with no boundaries from one another; tertium non datur

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14
Q

What did Theophrastos describe and how do we know it now?

A

Genera - monocots and dicots

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15
Q

Theophrastos divided plants into _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

trees, shrubs, under shrubs and herbs

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16
Q

Both Aristotle and Theophrastus did not come up with _____

A

clear classification scheme

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17
Q

German herbalists that made it possible to look at nature in an unbiased way. They reflected these through _____ and they arranged _____ _____

A

Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs and Conrad Gesner; illustrations; genera alphabetically

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18
Q

mastered floral morphology but was not reflected on work

A

Hieronymous Bock

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19
Q

Cesalpino combined both _____ and _____ thinking

A

deductive and inductive

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20
Q

Was the first to create clear tree for classification using combination of characters. used _____, _____, _____, and _____ (RBFS) as plant parts for basis of combination

A

Pierre Magnol; roots, branches, flowers and seeds

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21
Q

English naturalist and philosopher that used purely morphological criteria

A

John Ray

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22
Q

Ray stabilized the meaning of genus and species through facts by assigning _____ _____ _____ of _____ _____ to the category _____

A

actual taxonomic groups; relative importance; genus

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23
Q

made inventory of characters as criteria for _____

A

a posteriori

24
Q

John Ray used _____ _____ (or inductive) rather than deductive

A

empirical data

25
Q

Tournefort placed an emphasis on _____ as this indispensable requirement will be able to know the _____ properties

A

names; medicinal

26
Q

Linnaeus thinks that systematics is a _____ __ _____ that guides scientists through the problems faced in botany

A

thread of ariadne

27
Q

Used _____ in the binomial naming of species

A

Latin

28
Q

Elaborated on the Tournefortian definition of genus that species with same _____ _____ of flower parts belong to the same _____

A

geometrical design; genus

29
Q

Criteria for genus (NSSP)

A

number, shape, size, proportion

30
Q

_____ and _____ were made up for better organization while _____ and _____ are based on reality

A

class and order; genus and species

31
Q

Weakness of Linnaeus

A

species were still unchanging

32
Q

Prime achievement of Linnaeus

A

Classification

33
Q

Free of traditional thought and religious influence. Recognized that species have the ability to procreate

A

Comte de Buffon

34
Q

Through _____ ____, present independent species arose from a common ancestor

A

comparative anatomy

35
Q

primitive groups followed by advanced

A

phylogenetic system

36
Q

a community was related through _____ (common ancestry)

A

genealogy

37
Q

Who formulated the biological species concept and what is it about?

A

Comte de Buffon, species is a physical identity

38
Q

His natural method became the prototype of all natural systems

A

Michel Adanson

39
Q

Nature is _____ and _____ with just _____ and _____ being

A

one and undivided; one and universal

40
Q

Inventory of characters to use as criteria for classification a posteriori (based on known facts, observations)

A

Intrinsic weighing of characters

41
Q

Adanson was the first to search about _____ in speciation

A

heredity or hereditary mutations

42
Q

We had a common ancestor and that there are shared characteristics

A

Hybridization

43
Q

Deductive reasoning from past principles and generalizations; top to bottom logic; knowledge independent of experience

A

A priori

44
Q

Inductive reasoning based on observation of evidence then forming a generalization; gained from experience; bottom to top logic

A

A posteriori

45
Q

general principle -> special case

A

deductive reasoning

46
Q

special case -> general principle

A

inductive reasoning

47
Q

History of the evolution of species in reference to lines of descent and relationships among groups of organisms

A

Phylogeny

48
Q

Phylogeny looks at the story through the _____ of a certain species

A

ancestry

49
Q

Proposed by Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin in the 19th Century

A

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

50
Q

Organisms fit for their environment produce more offspring that are able to _____, _____ and _____

A

survive, grow and mature

51
Q

Natural selection is also known as…..

A

survival of the fittest

52
Q

German botanist that divided the plant kingdom into 13 groups and created the phylogenetic system

A

Adolf Engler

53
Q

Emrbyophyta siphonogama is the 13th group which is also known as….

A

spermatophytes - seed-bearing plants

54
Q

Spermatophytes were divided into _____ and _____ which were further subdivided into _____ and _____

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms; monocotyledones and dicotyledons

55
Q

arrangement according to evolutionary affinities and timelines

A

phylogenetic system

56
Q

weakness of phylogenetic system

A

simplicity is equal to primitivity

57
Q

Who is the proponent of Ranalian school of thought (mod. by J. Hutchinson) which stated that angiosperms arose from gymnosperms and looked at the _____ _____ of flowering plant classification

A

Charles Bassey; modern system

bio 110 (4 decks)

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