Species and speciation

Question 1

Biological species concept species definition

Answer 1

Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offsprings.

Question 2

Bsc assumes organisms

Answer 2

Share common characteristics, sexual reproduction, interbreed under natural conditions, genetic compatibility

Question 3

Limitations of Bsc

Answer 3

I) gray area with hybrids
II) cannot be used exclusively with asexual organisms
III) how do you know if interbreeding was natural
IV)can’t be used with fossils, how do you know if fossils could interbreed
V)Horizontal gene transfer
VI)reproductive isolation

Question 4

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 4

Transfer of genes from individual to individual, can occur in unrelated groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 5

HGT in prokaryotes

Answer 5

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Question 6

Transformation

Answer 6

Direct uptake and incorporation of genetic material from the environment

Question 7

Transduction

Answer 7

Injection of foreign by bacteriophage into host bacterium

Question 8

Conjugation

Answer 8

Transfer of genetic material between prokaryotes through direct contact through the use of pilus

Question 9

Bacteriophage

Answer 9

Virus that infect bacteria

Question 10

Reproductive isolation

Answer 10

Prevents organisms that can interbreed from interbreeding

Question 11

Types of reproductive isolation

Answer 11

Prezygotic and postzygotic isolation

Question 12

Prezygotic isolation

Answer 12

Prevents mating, prevents gametes from undergoing fertilization and thus the formation of zygote

Question 13

Postzygotic isolation

Answer 13

Fertilization occurs but something prevents the hybrid offspring from becoming a viable fertile adult

Question 14

Speciation

Answer 14

Formation of new species

Question 15

Types of prezygotic isolation

Answer 15

I) Temporal
II)habitat
III)mechanical
IV)behavioral
V)gametic isolation

Question 16

Morphological species concept definition of species

Answer 16

Group of individuals that share common characteristics

Question 17

Postzygotic barriers

Answer 17

I)reduced hybrid fertility
II)reduced hybrid viability
III)hybrid breakdown

Question 18

Mechanisms of speciation

Answer 18

Allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric

Question 19

Allopatric speciation

Answer 19

Population is geographically separated or any type of physical barrier that splits populations, barrier splits the population so segments of the population can no longer interbreed. Leading to reproductive isolation, the two separate population evolve independently, genetic drifts may occur, mutations may accumulate. Over time the populations become so different they are unable to interbreed resulting in two separate species.

Question 20

Sympatric speciation

Answer 20

Population are not geographically isolated but instead something leads to instant geographic isolation within a subset of the population.
Can be due to rapid genetic changes which alters morphology, behavior and habitat and it results in genetic incompatibility

Question 21

Parapatric speciation

Answer 21

Occurs when a population extends across a broad region encompassing diverse habitats, and different selection pressures leads to divergences within a single population.

Question 22

Speciation can occur due to

Answer 22

Reproductive isolation