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EAS 250: Biogeography > Species > Flashcards

Species Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of biogeography?

A

to understand the causes that underlie the patterns of distribution of organisms

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2
Q

____ are the most commonly used taxonomic level of biogeographical analysis

A

species

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3
Q

List the 5 levels of organization:

Each of these systems is a subset of the higher one, forming a ____

A

Individual
Population or species
community
landscape
biosphere

hierarchy

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4
Q

individual=

A

any living being

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5
Q

every individual has a boundary that separates the ___ processes of the organism from the ___ conditions of the environment. What happens through this boundary?

A

internal
external

Through this boundary, individuals exchange energy & material with their environment

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6
Q

Individuals must acquire energy and nutrients from their enviro in order to survive. What’s the implication of this for their enviro?

A

In acquiring energy, individuals alter their environment and change what’s available for others (finite resources)

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7
Q

Populations=

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at the same time

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8
Q

T/F

The boundary of a population is always natural

A

false

It can be natural or it can be determined by other factors (eg political)

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9
Q

Populations exhibit 5 unique characteristics that individuals do not:
1
2
3
4
5

A
  1. geographic range
  2. abundance
  3. density
  4. change in size
  5. composition (eg. young/ old/ breeding age)
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10
Q

Communities=

A

all of the populations of species living in a particular area
(groups of same species + different species)

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11
Q

Populations in a community interact with each other in a variety of ways. Give 3 examples

A

predator-prey
pollinators
decomposers

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12
Q

t/f

the interactions within a community influence the number of individuals in each population

A

true

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13
Q

ecosystem=

A

composed of one or more communities of living organisms interacting with their living and nonliving environments

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14
Q
  • The ____ of ecosystems can vary and are often not distinct
A

boundaries

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15
Q

_____= complex ecological systems that can include thousands of different species living under a great variety of conditions

A

ecosystems

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16
Q

landscapes=

A

includes multiple ecosystems that are connected by the movement of individuals, populations, matter, and energy

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17
Q

T/F

Landscapes only include terrestrial ecosystems

A

false

aquatic and terrestrial

*can also include patchworks of different communities

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18
Q

biosphere=

A

all the ecosystems and landscapes on earth

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19
Q

_____ is the highest level of ecological organization

A

biosphere

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20
Q

In the biosphere, distant ecosystems are linked together by exchanges of ___ and ___ carried by currents of wind/ water, & the movement of ____

A

energy
nutrients
organisms

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21
Q

All transformations of the biosphere are internal, except:

A

energy that enters from the sun and the energy that is lost to space

22
Q

t/f

the biosphere holds all material that is has ever had and retains whatever waste materials humans generate

A

true

nothing leaves the biosphere except energy

23
Q

species=

A

groups of organisms that have many features in common

24
Q

species are generally reproductively isolated. Name an exception

A

hybrids

25
Q

What is the formal process of naming species?

A

Genus species

binomial

26
Q

Give the 5 mechanisms of genetic differentiation

A
  1. mutation= changes in DNA sequences (subtitution, deletion, insertion, inversion)
  2. genetic drift
  3. natural selection
  4. gene flow
  5. endosymbiosis: a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other (eg coral)
27
Q

T/F

There is a geographical component to genetic divergence

A

true

genetic drift and natural selection are facilitated by geographic isolation

28
Q

genetic drift and natural selection are facilitated by ____ _____

A

geographic isolation

29
Q

ultimately, geographic separation of populations facilitates ____

A

speciation

30
Q

vicariance and dispersal are both essential for species ____

A

formation

31
Q

vicariance=

A

pronounced enviro change can create a barrier to dispersal in the range of an ancestral species, isolating previously connected and inter-breeding pops

32
Q

give 2 examples of vicariance

A

rising sea levels, tectonic events

eg loss of a land bridge

33
Q

dispersal=

A

movements of organisms from their natal (home) ranges
eg to find a mate (usually the males)

34
Q

t/f

distributional disjunctions were not due to barrier crossing but to barrier formation

A

true

35
Q

Evidence for transoceanic land bridges never surfaced, but we now know that vicariance is driven by ____ ____

A

plate tectonics

36
Q

T/F

Dispersal:
- helps prevent speciation
- helps survival
- can help prevent extinction
- usually heavily influences species distribution

A
  • false: dispersal leads to speciation
  • true
  • true
  • false: only influences species distributions if it results in immigration
37
Q

character displacement results in:

A

species being more different from one another where they coexist than when they live in separate, non-overlapping areas

38
Q

Give 2 examples of dispersal in birds

A
  1. Hawaiian honeycreepers
    - ecological differentiation that enabled exploitation of diff niches (esp food)
  2. Darwin’s Finches
    - result of niche partitioning and character displacement when 2 closely related species inhabit the same enviro
39
Q

Give a potential limitation of dispersal

A

inhospitable habitat: organism cannot cross it (especially small ones)

  • could be a large expanse or can be small but still a barrier
40
Q

Give 2 ways that humans have affected species dispersal

A
  • road building, forest clearing, etc have created barriers to dispersal for some species
  • humans have assisted in the dispersal of plants and animals for 1000s of years (intentionally or not)
41
Q

What can happen when individuals are introduced to a new area via dispersal?

A
  • usually, they’re never able to establish a viable population
  • sometimes though, they’re able to grow into a population that expands their range over time= invasive species!
42
Q

The Ember Ash Borer is an example of a(n) ______ ______. What does it do?

A

invasive species

Introduced to US in the 90s & has no natural predator: the larvae consume the tree under the bark & the tree dies :(

43
Q

_____ species provide opportunities to study dispersal. Why?

A

invasive

they often have interesting and rapid dispersal mechanisms

44
Q

Explain how an invasive species might change the biodiversity in an area it arrives to

A

when they first arrive:
- often biodiversity increases

shortly followed by a biodiversity decrease

invasive species replace endemic species (ie replacing specialized species with generalists)

45
Q

What are the 3 kinds of extinction? Give definitions

A

ecological/ functional extinction: so few individuals survive that the species’ function is lost

population extinction: population disappears, but there is probably another population somewhere

species extinction: whole species disappears :(

46
Q

Explain the Red Queen Hypothesis

A

species must continuously evolve to keep pace with a constantly changing enviro (biotic and abiotic). Species often go extinct because they can’t keep up

47
Q

Many of our geological transitions are based on species extinctions as viewed in the ____ _____

A

fossil record

48
Q

Pleistocene exinctions=

A

a recent large-scale extinction: large losses of megafauna

~15,000-8000 years ago

49
Q

Extirpation=

A

species disappears from one area but exists elsewhere

50
Q
A

EAS 250: Biogeography (12 decks)

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