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EAS 250: Biogeography > Measuring Biodiversity (Patrick's Lecture) > Flashcards

Measuring Biodiversity (Patrick's Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of biodiversity?

A

Alpha: species diversity within a community at a local scale

Beta: species diversity between 2 communities

Gamma: The overall diversity of a region

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2
Q

species richness=

A

the number of species in a given area

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3
Q

What is LUCA?

A

The last universal common ancestor: all of today’s species have originated from this ancestor

It existed 3.5-3.8 billion years ago

Since then, life has evolved immensely (tree of life!) and organisms has found different niches

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4
Q

Different living organisms will have different ___ to fill niches. How did these evolve?
Give an example

A

traits

evolved from random mutations in their ancestors DNA that provided an advantage

eg. Darwin’s Finches (trait= beak size)

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5
Q

endemic species=

A

species that are specific to a limited region

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6
Q

where are endemic species commonly found?

A

islands, geographically isolated zones, or unique ecosystem types

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7
Q

Canada has ___ endemic species. Give 2 examples

A

208

eg. Vancouver Island Marmot and Banff springs snail

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8
Q

What is the traditional method of measuring biodiversity? Give 2 disadvantages of this method

A

go out and count the number of species :(

Very time consuming and is limited by accessibility and time

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9
Q

Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) have been standardized by GEO BON. There are 6 classes of variables (with 21 names). List the 6 classes:

A
  • Genetic composition
  • Species populations
  • Species traits
  • Community composition
  • Ecosystem functioning
  • Ecosystem structure
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10
Q

Give an example of 1 EBV name from each of the 6 classes

A
  1. Genetic composition class: Inbreeding
  2. Species populations class: species distributions
  3. Species traits class: movement and reproduction
  4. Community composition class: trait diversity
  5. Ecosystem functioning class: primary productivity
  6. Ecosystem structure class: live cover fraction
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11
Q

T/F

EBVs consider different aspects of biodiversity that don’t require exact inventories of a given region

A

true!
makes it more useful

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12
Q

____ have been developed to transform relevant data to better amplify certain characteristics like the presence of endemic species

A

indices

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13
Q

What are the 5 biodiversity indices most used?

A

Rao’s Q Index

Margalef’s Index

Pielou’s Evenness Index

Shannon’s H Index

Simpson’s S Index

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14
Q

Rao’s Q Index accentuates ___ between numbers

A

differences

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15
Q

Remote sensing=

A

observing something without touching it

eg. using electromagnetic radiation to observe objects remotely

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16
Q

Where did many remote sensing technologies originate from?

A

military applications!
But have seen great advancements for research purposes

17
Q

List the following remote sensing methods in order from smallest to largest coverage

  • satellite
  • aerial
  • UAV-based
A
  1. UAV-based remote sensing
    - height <3km
    - coverage 0.1-100km2
  2. Aerial remote sensing
    - height: <30km
    - coverage: 10-100km2
  3. Satellite Remote Sensing
    - height >150km
    - coverage: 10-1000km2
18
Q

Visible light remote sensing typically uses RGB cameras to take images over a wide area, and the images are then ____…

A

stitched together with software

this allows for a perspective-less view and data for a large area

19
Q

multispectral imaging=

A

captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum

So, can see differences in regions by capturing the UV/ infrared of an area (with satellites)

20
Q

T/F

multispectral imaging is even more powerful than hyperspectral imaging

A

false

the opposite is true

21
Q

hyperspectral imaging=

A

can have hundreds of bands focused on different wavelengths

22
Q

What’s the use of spectral imagng?

A

Eg in plants:

  • diff plants produce diff spectral responses
  • variations in the response allow you to differentiate species
23
Q

disadvantage of spectral imaging=

A

highly dependent on lighting conditions
- cloud cover can be an issue: interference= can’t get good data

24
Q

Radar uses ___ waves, and it often used to detect ___

A

radio
structure

25
Q

How does radar detect structure?

A

Different radio wavelengths interact with matter differently

  • it can also determine water presence and surface material!
26
Q

___ is a commonly used radar method in biodiversity

A

SAR (Synthetic aperature radar)

27
Q

t/f
Indices can successfully predict biodiversity on their own

A

true

In some cases, yes.
Often, they’re combined with other remote sensing methods

28
Q

Determining biomass can help determine ecosystem ___ and diversity

A

health

29
Q

Is machine learning helping or harming biodiversity measuring overall?

A

Helping: it produces indices we can use

Also, advances in computer power and machine learning algorithms have made large-scale data analysis possible

30
Q

How can we ensure accurate predictions with machine learning and remote sensing?

A

Collect inventory data for confirmation

31
Q

Explain environmental DNA

A

Organisms will shed material in their environment (eg hair), which can be collected and analyzed for DNA.

More eDNA sampling= more species are being discovered!

32
Q

T/F

Research to predict eDNA-derived variables from remote sensing data hasn’t proven to be useful, so is no longer ongoing

A

false

ongoing

33
Q

Goal= by __, all life on earth mapped with help of eDNA

A

2045

34
Q

There is more interest in biodiversity measurements thanks to the ____-_____ global biodiversity framework

A

kunming-montreal

35
Q

Biodiversity is changing globally, with ___ species threatened with extinction

A

1 million :(

36
Q

Remote sensing allows for ___-scale monitoring of biodiversity

-robust methods still under development

A

larger

37
Q

The use of ___ data is important to understand changes & a comprehensive network is necessary for global conservation

A

historical

38
Q
A

EAS 250: Biogeography (12 decks)

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