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Mechanisms of Evolution > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from those other groups

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2
Q

What does the biological species concept not work for?

A

Fossils and species that reproduce asexually

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3
Q

What is the typological species concept?

A

A group is a species if members conform to a type

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4
Q

What is a type specimen?

A

A specimen that is used as an example of what a species should look like

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5
Q

What is the evolutionary species concept?

A

A species is a single lineage of populations that maintains a separate evolutionary history that is got from its ancestor

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6
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

A species is a irreducible cluster that is distinct from other clusters

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7
Q

What is the genealogical species concept?

A

An exclusive group who’s members are more closely related to each other than to others outside the group

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8
Q

What is the recognition species concept?

A

Most inclusive population of individual biparental organisms with a common fertilization system

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9
Q

What is the cohesion species concept?

A

Most inclusive population of individuals with the potential for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms

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10
Q

What are hybrids?

A

An individual formed by mating between different species

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11
Q

If the parents are distinct species, how successful would the hybrid be?

A

Less viable or less successful

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12
Q

What are the times when reproductive isolation can occur?

A

Pre-mating, post-mating pre-zygotic, post-mating post-zygotic

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13
Q

What are the pre-mating isolation barriers?

A

Habitat isolation

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14
Q

How is habitat isolation an isolating barrier?

A

Populations that live in different habitats can’t breed with each other

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15
Q

What are the 4 post-mating pre-zygotic barriers?

A

Temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic

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16
Q

What is behavioural isolation?

A

No attraction between the males and females of different species

17
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Mating occurs at different times

18
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Structural differences prevent copulation or pollen transfer

19
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

No recognition occurs between the egg and sperm

20
Q

What are the 3 post-mating post-zygotic barriers?

A

Hybrid breakdown, hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability

21
Q

What is hybrid inviability?

A

The zygotes fail to develop or reach sexual maturity

22
Q

What is hybrid sterility?

A

The hybrid can’t produce functional gametes

23
Q

What is hybrid breakdown?

A

The offspring of the hybrids becomes sterile or inviable after a few generations

24
Q

What are sibling species?

A

Separate reproductively isolated species that are indistinguishable based on morphological characteristics. They are distinguished based on other characteristics

25
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Separated by geographical barriers

26
Q

What two phenomenon result in allopatric speciation?

A

Vicariance and dispersal/peripatry

27
Q

Why is speciation inevitable with vicariance?

A

The environments on the isolated landmasses will start to change, and very little gene flow will be occurring between populations

28
Q

How fast does evolution occur initially with vicariance?

A

Quite slow

29
Q

How fast does evolution occur initially with dispersal?

A

Fast

30
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

Speciation that occurs when two populations are neighbours, but distributions don’t overlap

31
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

The develop of isolating barriers within the same geographical region

32
Q

How can polyploidy cause speciation?

A

Polyploid hybrids are often fertile but reproductively isolated from the parent species. Diploid hybrids are often sterile

33
Q

What is hybrid vigour?

A

Polyploid hybrids often grow faster or larger than the parental species

Mechanisms of Evolution (20 decks)

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