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Biology Final > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain speciation in Lake Malawi

A

Lake is the most diverse lake with fish fauna because of three reasons- habitats, diet specialization, and sexual selection caused by tetonic plate shift

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2
Q

groups of organisms that mate with one another and produce fertile offspring

A

species

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3
Q

speciation

A

the divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation

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4
Q

the divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation

A

speciation

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5
Q

What drives speciation?

A

reproductive isolation

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6
Q

The concept of species sometimes varies among biologists, depending on (blank)

A

what types of questions they are asking

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7
Q

Do all members of same species look alike? Example?

A

No- Aix sponsa male vs female and FL vs CA

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8
Q

father of modern taxonomy

A

Linnaeus

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9
Q

How did Linnaeus describe species?

A

appearance- morphological

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10
Q

Linnaeus originated (blank)

A

binomial system of nomenclature

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11
Q

Example of genus species:

A 
homo sapiens 
mus musculus (mouse)
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12
Q

Morphology has (blank)

A

limitations

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13
Q

What are the two limitations of species?

A

1- males and females may be different and immature individuals might not look like parents
2- cryptic species are morphologically the same, but don’t interbreed

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14
Q

What is an example of animals that look alike, but don’t mate?

A

Gray tree frogs

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15
Q

What is key to speciation?

A

Reproductive isolation

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16
Q

When groups can no longer exchange genes

A

Reproductive isolation

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17
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

when groups can no longer exchange genes

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18
Q

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

Biological species concept

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19
Q

Biological species concept

A

groups that could breed, reproductivly isolated

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20
Q

The biological species concept does not apply to

A

organisms that reproduce asexually

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21
Q

Lineage species concept

A

species as branches on tree of life (include asexual)

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22
Q

Lineage

A

ancestor-descendant series of populations followed over time

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23
Q

Lineage splitting

A

each species has a history that starts at a speciation event and ends at extinction or another speciation event

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24
Q

Are the different species concepts mutually exclusive?

A

No

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25
Q

Three major classes of species concepts?

A
  • Morphological species concept
  • Biological species concept
  • Lineage species concept
26
Q

Simplified definition of morphological species concept

A

appearance-based

27
Q

Simplified definition of biological species concept

A

reproductive isolation

28
Q

Simplified definition of lineage species concept

A

tree of life

29
Q

The species concepts are not incompatible, but (blank)

A

each emphasizes a different aspect of speciation

30
Q

Allopatric speciation occurs when

A

populations are separated by a physical barrier

31
Q

What is thought to be the dominant mode of speciation in most groups?

A

Allopatric speciation

32
Q

Barriers for allopatric speciation can form as (blank)

A

continents drift, sea level changes, glaciers advance and retreat, climate changes

33
Q

Examples of allopatric speciation

A

Fish in Ozarks separated by glacial mountains
Drosophilia and Hawaiian islands
Darwins finches

34
Q

Sympatric speciaiton

A

no physical barrier

35
Q

Sympatic speciation can occur with what type of selection if (blank) happens

A

disruptive; certain genotypes have preference for distinct microhabitats where mating takes place

36
Q

Sympatric speciation example

A

Apple maggot fly

37
Q

Explain Apple maggot fly example

A

Flies deposit eggs on Hawthorn fruits and then apples introduced
species partly isolated because only mate with ones raised on same fruit
host-plant specificity develops new species

38
Q

What happens when newly formed species come into contact?

A

Mechanisms stabilize ability to generate new species

39
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevent hybridization from occurring

40
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

reduce the fitness of hybrid offspring

41
Q

Postzygotic mechanisms result in (blank)

A

selection against hybridization

42
Q

Postzygotic mechanisms reinforce

A

prezygotic mechanisms

43
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms list

A
  • Mechanical
  • Temporal
  • Behavioral
  • Habitat
  • Gametic
44
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

-differences in size and shape of reproductive organs makes mating impossible

45
Q

Example of mechanical isolation

A

orchids and pollinators

46
Q

Temporal isolation

A

-mating periods do not overlap

47
Q

Example of temporal isolation

A

leopard frog species breed at different times

48
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Individuals reject or fail to recognize potential mating partners

49
Q

Example of behavioral isolation

A

breeding calls of male frogs quickly diverge between related species and female frogs ignore certain calls

50
Q

Behavioral isolation in regards to mate choice

A

mediated by behavior of other species

51
Q

Whether two plant species hybridize can depend on (blank(

A

the food preferences of their pollinators

52
Q

Two species of columbines are reproductively isolated because their floral shapes (blank) and this is an example of (blank)

A

attract different pollinators

behavioral isolation

53
Q

Habitat isolation

A

When two closely related species evolve preferences for living or mating in different habitats

54
Q

Example of habitat isolation

A

Lake Malowi

55
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Gametes never fuse into a zygote

56
Q

2 ways Gametic isolation can occur

A
  • eggs don’t release appropriate attractive chemicals

- sperm doesn’t penetrate egg because 2 gametes are chemically incompatible

57
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  • Low hybrid zygote viability
  • Low hybrid adult viability
  • Hybrid infertility
58
Q

Low hybrid zygote viability

A

zygotes fail to mature or have severe abnormalities

59
Q

Low hybrid adult viability

A

offspring have lower survival rates

60
Q

Hybrid infertility

A

offspring are infertile (mules)

61
Q

Natural selection does not (blank) evolution of postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

directly favor

Biology Final (2 decks)

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