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Biology Final > Making of the Fittest > Flashcards

Making of the Fittest Flashcards

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1
Q

Ice Fish of Bouvet Island

A

Crocodile Icefish have no hemoglobin or red blood cells

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2
Q

Bouvet Island is the (blank)

A

most remote island in the world

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3
Q

Who discovered Bouvet island?

A

Rupert Gould in 1739

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4
Q

Who first landed on Bouvet island? When?

A

1927 Norweigen expedition

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5
Q

Who first discovered “white crocodile fish”

A

Rustad

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6
Q

Who was interested in pale/translucent fish with colorless blood after Rustad discovery?

A

johan Ruud- 1953

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7
Q

Hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen

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8
Q

Why did icefish evolve?

A

Change in environment

  • 33-34 mya Antarctica broke away from SA and changes in ocean currents isolated waters around Antarctica
  • limited migration of fish; adapt or extinct
  • Notothenioid 200 species dominant
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9
Q

When a change in the environment occurs, organisms either (blank) or (blank)

A

adapt or die

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10
Q

Why did icefish evolve?- big picture

A

Change in environment, isolated population

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11
Q

Psysiology changes due to

A

drop in water temp

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12
Q

Colder water leads to (blank)

A

drop in metabolic rate, less oxygen required

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13
Q

3 critical points to describing how the fish have no red blood

A
  • colder water leads to drop in metabolic rate, and less oxygen is required
  • oxygen solubility increases
  • viscosity increases, making it difficult to pump blood
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14
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of RBC in blood

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15
Q

Humans have (blank) % hematocrit

A

45

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16
Q

most antarctic fish have (blank) % hematocrit while icefish have (blank)

A

15, 1

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17
Q

Elements of blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • blood plasma
  • white blood cells
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18
Q

no red blood cells means no

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

what is the consequence of no hemoglobin?

A

O2 carrying capcity of blood is 2-3% of normal blood- adding hemoglobin increases carrying capacity 70-fold

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20
Q

what adaptations made it possible to get the oxygen the icefish needed

A

large gills, scaleless skin, unusually large capillaries, large heart, more blood volume

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21
Q

what do icefish also not express in muscles?

A

myoglobin

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22
Q

hearts of (blank) species also don’t have myoglobin and therefore they have

A

5, pale larger hearts

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23
Q

What do the the pale hearts do?

A
  • mutation in myoglobin gene
  • myglobin expressed in muscles, related to hemoglobin
  • has heme molecule that binds oxygen, takes oxygen from blood to muscles
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24
Q

Adaptation not limited to modification or loss of genes, but also (blank)

A

invention of genes

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25
Q

Plasma of antarctic contains (blank)

A

chock-ful of antifreeze proteins

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26
Q

antifreeze proteins help what

A

fish survive in icy waters by lowering temperature threshold at which ice crystals can grow

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27
Q

antifreeze gene arose from (blank)

A

unrelated gene for a digestive enzyme

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28
Q

explain how antifreeze gene arose from unrelated gene

A
  • chromosomal mutation (duplication)

- new gene with new function created

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29
Q

Function of antifreeze gene

A

prevents ice crystals from forming

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30
Q

new proteins/functions are often (blank)

A

derived from something that already exists

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31
Q

stages of icefish evolution

A
  • all 200 species have antifreeze
  • 15 species lost hemoglobin genes
  • 5 species lost myoglobin
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32
Q

Scientists tried to use anti-freeze gene to protect plants from frost to no avail. What can you conclude about the effect of icefish antifreeze genes on cold tolerance tomatoes? Under these conditions, does the antifreeze gene have a positive, negative, or neutral impact on survival?

A

no change/ neutral

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33
Q

What are immortal genes?

A

genes necessary for spark of life (run central dogma) and running in place for eons

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34
Q

Immortal genes

A
  • 500 genes homologous across all living organisms
  • demonstrates power of natural selection to preserve DNA record
  • demonstrates the descent of life from common ancestor
  • genes don’t avoid mutation
  • mutation = lethal
  • life is not possible with a mutation in one of these genes
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35
Q

Immortal genes demonstrate

A
  • power of natural selection to preserve the DNA record

- descent of life from a common ancestor

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36
Q

Immortal genes show

A
  • how natural selection rejects changes that are harmful

- deep homology

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37
Q

immortal genes encode

A

proteins that are involved in carrying out the central dogma processes

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38
Q

What is an example of an immortal gene?

A

EF1-a (elongation factor 1 a)

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39
Q

Mutations are (blank) in immortal genes

A

purged

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40
Q

How do new capabilities arise?

A
  • new functions/genes are made from old genes

- icefish antifreeze protein

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41
Q

Explain creation of icefish antifreeze protein

A

duplication and divergence, trypsinogen gene was duplicated, the one copy diverged and changes accumulated that led to a new protein with a new function

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42
Q

Vertebrate eye and color vision shows a great example of

A

evolution

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43
Q

Animals with different environments have

A

adaptations in color vision that are optimal for their environments

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44
Q

Rod and cone found in (blank)

A

retina that detects light and transmits it to brain

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45
Q

Rod detects

A

dim light

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46
Q

Cone detects

A

color light

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47
Q

Rods and cones are

A

cells of retina that detect light

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48
Q

Rods and Cones are filled with (blank)

A

opsin proteins

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49
Q

Opsin changes shape when it (blank)

A

absorbs light, signal sent to brain

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50
Q

Humans 3 opsins

A

SWS0 absorb short wavelength
MWS absorb medium wavelenght
LWS absorb long wavelenght

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51
Q

Color blindness is caused by

A

genetic loss of one opsin

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52
Q

Protanopia

A

missing red cone (LWS)

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53
Q

Deuteranopia

A

missing green cone (MWS)

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54
Q

Tritanopia

A

missing blue cone (SWS)

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55
Q

Most mammals have (blank) opsins

A

2

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56
Q

hunting example

A

deer only have 2 opsins and can’t see orange (no MWS)

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57
Q

Third opsin evolved by (blank)

A

duplication and divergence

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58
Q

All old world apes and monkeys have (blank) opsins

A

3

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59
Q

New world and other mammals have (blank) opsins meaning they are

A

2, dichromatic

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60
Q

What happened to create the mammalian MWS/LWS opsin gene?

A

chance duplication event that allowed for ability to differentiate between red and green

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61
Q

Gene duplication in old world primates added (blank)

A

LWS opsin

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62
Q

What is an advantage of having trichromatic vision?

A

gathering food; differentiating between ripe and nonripe

63
Q

Other vertebrates have better or worse color vision than mammals? why?

A

better- 4 opsin genes

64
Q

Color vision occurred early or late in vertebrate evolution?

A

early

65
Q

Why did early mammals lose opsin genes and then regain them later on?

A

Early mammals were small, nocturnal so they could stay hidden in an ecosystem dominated by dinosaurs

66
Q

natural selection acts on opsins in animals living in different environments because-

A

to allow for better survival

67
Q

In dim light found in deep oceans, (blank) and (blank) are responsible for vision

A

rods and rhodopsin

68
Q

deep-sea fish and dolphins have rhodopsin that is (blank) to better absorb blue light

A

shifted

69
Q

What occurred that had an immense importance on animals ability to see dim light in ocean?

A

shift 15 to 20 nm to be able to pick up blue light better

70
Q

Natural selection works on genes that are

A

in use and allows others to decay

71
Q

Many birds have a (blank) that allows them to detect (blank)

A

tuned SWS opsin; UV light

72
Q

How did scientists discover that birds are able to see UV light?

A

birds see the markings on the heads for mating through opsins that detect UV light and was discovered through sunscreen experiment

73
Q

Natural selection is (blank) to changes that are neutral

A

blind

74
Q

What is an example of a shift in a species lifestyle that involved the formation and fine tuning of genes

A

icefish and antifreeze

75
Q

how is natural selection blind to changes that are neutral?

A
  • formation and tuning of new genes (antifreeze)
  • abandoning of genes (hemoglobin and myoglobin)
  • text of genes breaks apart and erodes over time (mutations)
  • use it or lose it
76
Q

relaxation of natural selection is

A

specific to individual genes and particular species

77
Q

What does fossilization mean?

A

remenant of past; no longer function

78
Q

How can “fossilization” of a gene occur?

A
  • nonsense mutation: no protein produced
  • mutation in regulatory sequence responsible for turning transcription on- no protein produced
  • mutation occurs in gene for protein required for DNA replication
79
Q

Mutations aren’t more common in (blank) genes or less common in (blank) genes

A

unused

important

80
Q

icefish are the perfect illustration of

A

fossil genes

81
Q

fossil genes in icefish

A

hemoglobin- O2 transport in blood

myoglobin- O2 storage in muscle

82
Q

Fossil SWS opsin gene in coelacanths

A

dim blue light- functioning rhodopsin
lack gene for LWS/MWS mutations
color vision provides no advantage

83
Q

Fossil SWS opsin gene in blind mole rats

A
  • small eyes, covered by skin but use light sensation to orient biological clock
  • SWS fossilized
  • functioning rhodopsin
  • functioning LWS/MWS- detect red
84
Q

If environmental changes occur, bodies say are we going to use gene or no? if yes…

A

natural selection continues to prune

85
Q

number of fossil olfactory genes in mice

A

1400

86
Q

Fossil olfactory genes in humans

A
  • smell is perceived by olfactory receptors on neurons
  • 50% fossilized
  • trichromatic vision evolved, less need
87
Q

A change in the environment will change

A

the selection pressures

88
Q

relaxed selection on gene leads to

A

decay

89
Q

What is required for fossilization of a gene?

A
  • change in environment (relaxed ns)

- mutation

90
Q

convergent evolution

A
  • concept of 2 different species acquiring different traits independently of each other
  • natural selection repeats independently
91
Q

Example of convergent evolution with antifreeze protein

A

also in Northern Cod in arctic waters from different enzyme at different timeframe

92
Q

trichormatic color vision has evolved in

A

new world howler monkeys

93
Q

old world monkeys have trichromatic or dichromatic?

A

tri

94
Q

new world monkeys have tri or di?

A

di except for howler monkeys

95
Q

four pieces of data for convergent evolution with howler monkey example

A

1) howler monkeys are more related to new world than old
2) common ancestor doesn’t have trichromatic vision
3) size of duplication event is larger in howlers
4) duplicate sequences indicate that it is more recent

96
Q

according to the tree of primates based on DNA sequences, two pieces of data for independent duplication and convergence is….

A
  • size of duplicated section containing opsin (larger in howlers than OW primates)
  • in OW monkeys, duplicated opsins differ by 5% rather than howlers is 2.7%- more recent
97
Q

Coelacanths and cetaceans both have

A

SWS fossil gene nonfunctional

98
Q

How did the coelanth SWS gene fossilize

A

stop codon

99
Q

How did the cetacean (dolphin) SWS gene fossilize

A

deletion, frameshift

100
Q

Why did the SWS opsin gene fossilize in both coelacanths and cetaceans?

A

no longer needed in dim waters

101
Q

What is another example of convergent evolution besides deep water and howler monkeys?

A

marsupials and placental animals

  • common ancestor 120 mya
  • species evolved independently but filled similar niches
102
Q

How does nature make the fittest? (1st point)

A

given sufficient TIME

103
Q

How does nature make the fittest? (2nd point)

A

identical or equivalent mutations will arise repeatedly by CHANCE

104
Q

How does nature make the fittest? (3rd point)

A

their fate (preservation or elimination) will be determined by the conditions of SELECTION upon the traits they affect

105
Q

What is evo-devo?

A

-major evolutionary change can result from subtle changes in distribution of signaling molecules and sensitivity of noncoding regions of DNA that control gene expression

106
Q

What three things impact evo-devo change?

A

space, time, quantitative (amount)

107
Q

Evolutionary developmental biology

A

study of the relationship between development and evolution

108
Q

How can small genetic changes result in large changes in phenotype?

A

principles of evo-devo

109
Q

What are the 5 principles of evo-devo? #1

A

1) Organisms share similar mechanisms for development that include a “toolkit” of signaling molecules that control gene expession

110
Q

What are the 5 principles of evo-devo? #2

A

Signaling molecules can act independently in different tissues and regions, enabling modular evolutionary change.

111
Q

What are the 5 principles of evo-devo? #3

A

Developmental differences can arise from changes in the timing of signaling molecule action, location of the action, or quantity.

112
Q

What are the 5 principles of evo-devo? #4

A

Differences among species can arise from alterations in expression of developmental genes.

113
Q

Example of differences among species arising from alterations in gene expression

A

finch beak look changes with protein level change

114
Q

What are the 5 principles of evo-devo? #6

A

Developmental changes can arise from environmental influences.

115
Q

When developmental biologists began to describe differentiation and development at the molecular level, what did they find?

A

common regulatory genes and pathways in many organisms

116
Q

What is an example of common regulatory genes and pathways among organisms?

A

eye development in fruit fly and mice

117
Q

Gene sequences for eye development are highly (blank( in many species

A

conserved

118
Q

Homologous genes

A

evolved from a gene in a common ancestor

119
Q

What genes determine pattern formation?

A

Hox genes

120
Q

The Hox gene cluster is an example of

A

homology

121
Q

Hox genes code for (blank)

A

transcription factors that provide positional information and control pattern formation in body segments

122
Q

Homologous sequence in hox genes

A

homeobox

123
Q

How may Hox genes have arisen?

A

gene duplication- mutated copies take on new copies and other retain original

124
Q

(blank) and (blank) in Hox genes is suggested by the increase in the number of Hox genes in different animal groups

A

Duplication and divergence

125
Q

Hox genes show (blank) patterns

A

similar expression

126
Q

Hox genes have been (blank) over many years

A

conserved

127
Q

What principle of evo-devo do Hox genes describe?

A

1

128
Q

How can mutations with large effects change only one part of the body?

A

modules

-genes controlled separately in modules so structures can change independently

129
Q

Modules

A

functional entities consisting of genes, signaling pathways, and the physical structures that result

130
Q

genetic switches control

A

how the genetic toolkit is used (signaling pathways involving promoters and TFS)

131
Q

elements of the genetic toolkit can be involved in (blank) processes while still allowing individual modules to develop (blank)

A

multiple developmental

independently

132
Q

single or combination of Hox genes determine

A

pattern and formation

133
Q

in embryos, genetic switches do what in relation to pattern and function?

A

integrate positional information and determine developmental pathways for each module

134
Q

Hox genes drive

A

certain developmental processes

135
Q

Segments (blank) under control of genetic switches in flies- ex?

A

differentiation

mutation of Ubx protein = develop of 2 wings

136
Q

Modularity allows for (blank) in expression of structural genes

A

differences

137
Q

Heterometry

A

differences in the amount of gene expression

138
Q

Beak size and shape in Galapagos finches is regulated by the

A

relative amounts of proteins produced by two regulatory genes

139
Q

heterometry in finches example

A

mutations in 2 genes or development pathways dictate beak size which enables new food sources

140
Q

cactus finch

A

low BMP4- low beak depth/width

high CaM- elongated beak

141
Q

ground finch

A

Moderate BMP4- moderate beak depth/width
Early/high BMP4- high beak depth/width
Low CaM: short beak

142
Q

Heterochrony

A

changes in timing of gene expression

143
Q

What is an example of Heterochrony?

A

neck bones of giraffe

144
Q

Heterochrony giraffe example explanation

A

bone growth results form proliferation of cells called chondrocytes- growth stops when cells receive apoptosis signals

145
Q

Why are the necks longer in giraffes?

A

signaling delayed

146
Q

Heterotopy

A

spatial differences in gene expression

147
Q

heterotopy example

A

all bird embryos have webbing between their toes

retained in ducks not chickens

148
Q

Loss of webbing is controled by (blank)

A

BMP4- protein that instructs cells in webbing to undergo apoptosis

149
Q

In ducks a gene called (blank) encodes…. which leads to webbing

A

Gremlin encodes BMP4 inhibitor which is expressed in webbing cells

150
Q

(blank) expression maintains webbed feet in ducks

A

gremlin

151
Q

In ducks

A

Gremlin inhibits BMP4- no apoptosis and webbing

152
Q

In chickens

A

No Gremlin- no inhibiting of BMp4- no webbing

153
Q

What are the 3 concepts that dictate differential gene expression?

A

amount (heterometry)
timing (heterochrony)
spatial (heterotopy)

Biology Final (2 decks)

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