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Level 3 Biology > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

The evolution of several different species of plant or animal from one ancestral species.

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2
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurring where organisms are initially capable of interbreeding but cannot because they are geographically separated.

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3
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

A type of polyploidy in which the chromosome complement consists of more than two copies, of chromosomes derived from different species. It occurs when two species mate to product a hybrid species.

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4
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Structures that are superficially similar but have evolved in different ways .

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5
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

A type of polyploidy where the multiple sets of chromosomes are all derived from the same species.

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6
Q

Biogeography

A

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

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7
Q

Cline

A

A gradual variation in the characteristics of a species or population over its geographical range.

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8
Q

Coevolution

A

Coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution.

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9
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The development of superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms, usually because the organisms live in the same kind of environment.

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10
Q

Deme

A

Is a population of organisms within which the exchange of genes is completely random. All mating combinations between individuals of opposite sexes have the same probability.

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11
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

An accumulation of changes in the gene pools of two (or more) populations, leading to the formation of races, sub-species, species etc.

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12
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual process by which the present diversity of plants and animals arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms.

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13
Q

Fossil Record

A

History of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock. Can be used to show evolution.

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14
Q

Founder Effect

A

When a new population is established by a very small number of individuals that have become reproductively isolated from a larger population.

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15
Q

Gene Pool

A

Refers to the total number of genes of every individual in a population.

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16
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement and exchange of genes or alleles from one population of species to another.

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17
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance alone (not natural selection).

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18
Q

Geographical Isolation

A

Is a term that refers to a population’s organisms that are physically separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species.

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19
Q

Geological Record

A

Fossils preserved in sedimentary rock layers that can be used to trace the evolutionary history of a species.

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20
Q

Gradualism

A

The view that evolution proceeds by imperceptibly small, cumulative steps over long periods of time rather than by abrupt, major changes.

21
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures that have a similar evolutionary history but have developed to suit different functions.

22
Q

Hybrid

A

The offspring of a mating where the parents differ in at least one characteristic. The term is usually applied to offspring of widely different parents.

23
Q

Hybridisation

A

Is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms from different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction.

24
Q

Instant Speciation

A

The formation of a new species through autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy. As chromosome numbers of the new species do not match that of the original, they cannot interbreed.

25
Q

Macro-evolution

A

The formation of a completely new species, genera, etc.

25
Q

Micro-evolution

A

The accumulation of (through mutation) new characteristics in a species.

25
Q

mtDNA

A

Is the DNA located in the mitochondria, inherited from the mother. Can be used to trace maternal lineage back in time.

26
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the bases on the DNA. It is the only way of creating new alleles.

27
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process that brings about new species by eliminating individuals that are less well adapted to their current environment, allowing individuals with advantageous adaptations to survive and reproduce.

28
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division resulting in cells with more than two copies of each chromosome.

29
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

The development of related organisms along similar evolutionary paths due to strong selection pressures acting on all of them in the same way.

30
Q

Polyploidy

A

The polyploid cell or organism has three or more times the haploid chromosome number. Arises as the result of total nondisjunction.

31
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

Is an event that drastically reduces the size of a population, may be caused by various events. Produces a decrease in the gene pool.

32
Q

Post-zygotic Isolating Mechanism

A

Something preventing the formation of fertile offspring e.g. hybrid inviability or sterility, or hybrid breakdown.

33
Q

Pre-zygotic Isolating Mechanism

A

Something that prevents the fertilisation of eggs e.g. spatial isolation, temporal isolation, or mechanical isolaiton.

34
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Punctuated equilibrium is a theory that states that evolution occurs primarily through short bursts of intense speciation followed by stasis.

35
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

A

A barrier to breeding that exists due to differences in mating season or mating organs.

36
Q

Ring Species

A

Two apparently distinct species that are connected by a series of intermediate geographical and structural subspecies which can interbreed.

37
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Sexual selection is a special case of natural selection. Acts on an organism’s ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate.

38
Q

Selection Pressure

A

The extent to which organisms possessing a particular characteristic are either eliminated or favoured by environmental demands.

39
Q

Speciation

A

The development of one or more species from an existing species. It occurs when sympatric or allopatric populations diverge from the parent population.

40
Q

Species

A

A category used in the classification of organisms that consists of a group of organisms that can usually breed together and produce fertile offspring.

41
Q

Sub-species

A

A group of individuals within a species that breed more freely among themselves than with other members of the species and resemble each other in more characteristics.

42
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurring where organisms living within the same area are theoretically capable of interbreeding, but cannot because of difference in behaviour.

43
Q

Sympatry

A

Describes groups of organisms that live in the same geographical area.

44
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

A mechanism that prevents mating because they breed at different times.

45
Q

Vestigial Organ

A

Any part of an organism that his diminished in size during its evolution because the function has decreased in importance.

46
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution.

47
Q

Y Chromosomes

A

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in mammals. Is passed only from father to son.

Level 3 Biology (3 decks)

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