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Zoology 260 > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

tuatara

A

low reproduction rate makes conservation difficult
inject females with hormones to stimulate egg production
for conservation, not all species are equal

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2
Q

biological species concept

A

defines species as organisms that can freely interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

speciation

A

permanent genetic isolation of populations in natural conditions

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4
Q

species

A

self contained, evolve independently with no exchange of genetic information

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5
Q

male pine hawk moth and female lime hawk moth

A

different species because offspring die

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6
Q

male donkey and female horse

A

offspring (mule) is infertile, therefore different species

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7
Q

lions and tigers

A

can produce fertile offspring but not in nature due to social behavior, different species

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8
Q

female chihuahua and male great dane

A

can’t produce offspring, but genetic material from great dane and chihuahua can get in an individual over many generations
not genetically independent, therefore same species

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9
Q

what feature of carrion flies makes it easiest to distinguish species?

A

male genitalia, helps female identify right species
no advantage for female to mate with male of different species, advantage for male to advertise differences from other species

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10
Q

what is the best way to tell apart Carolina chickadees and black-capped chickadees?

A

their mating songs

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11
Q

geographic (allopatric) speciation

A

speciation of geographically isolated populations

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12
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation without geographic isolation

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13
Q

speciation is…. (hint: unifromitarianism)

A

active process, makes divisions among species unclear

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14
Q

speciation ex. salamander ring species

A

solid and blotchy subspecies in different parts of CA
some subspecies can produce viable offspring, but not subspecies with the greatest differences

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15
Q

what happens when 1 island splits, isolating 2 populations of a butterfly species?

A

small populations can become genetically different due to genetic drift over time, doesn’t involve natural selection
more likely natural selection is involved, ex. bird predator on one island causes selective pressure, change in genetic structure of butterfly pop

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16
Q

what happens to butterfly populations when geographic barrier of split island is removed?

A

genetic mixing if poor genetic variation, merge again to form same species
sexual selection for genetic isolation, males/females recognize others of same population and reinforce division

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17
Q

can natural selection work on isolated populations?

A

yes, natural selection can generate genetic differences while populations are geographically isolated

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18
Q

sexual selection can

A

cause evolution of behavioral separation

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19
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary tree, pattern and timing of speciation

20
Q

phylogenies reconstruct

A

evolutionary history
patterns of human colonization

21
Q

how much genetic difference is there between human races?

A

very little, races are not defined by genes, they are constructs of society

22
Q

insectivorous bat

A

only true flying mammal
adaptation: echolocation
moths can hear clicks, make tail to dive to make it more difficult to capture (coevolution)

23
Q

bat wings show

A

flight evolved more than once in vertebrates
human hand bones similar to bat wing bones
birds don’t have webbing or extended bone

24
Q

adaptive radiation

A

speciation of a single lineage into diverse ecological forms

25
Q

adaptive radiation of darwin’s finches

A

don’t like to fly across open water, causes geographic speciation
all derived from same species, undergone rapid natural selection to take advantage of habitat

26
Q

honeycreeper radiation in hawaii

A

1 founder species diversified, different bills used for variety of purposes

27
Q

adaptive radiation of fruit flies in hawaii

A

can map phylogeny onto islands
pattern of speciation reflects sequential movement to islands as they formed
ex of using phylogeny to reconstruct history

28
Q

evolutionary convergence

A

species from different evolutionary lineages share similar traits

29
Q

convergent evolution between jackrabbit and kit fox

A

both have long ears, use as cooling devices
arctic fox has short ears

30
Q

convergent evolution of porcupine and echidna

A

both have quills, distant evolutionary relatedness
selective pressure against predators with big mouths

31
Q

convergent traits have to

A

evolve independently

32
Q

convergent evolution gives

A

circumstantial evidence of natural selection

33
Q

microevolution

A

evolution of individual species

34
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation and extinction

35
Q

biological diversity depends on

A

speciation and extinction

36
Q

species reflect evolutionary history because

A

evolution works from what already exists

37
Q

Flounder evolutionary history

A

bottom fish, has 2 eyes on one side of head
fry look like normal fish, eyes migrate to other side, doesn’t make sense to have eye on underside
ex of evolutionary history working from what already exists

38
Q

why do humans have little body hair while gorillas have a profusion?

A

selection in humans to have larger brains
largest head size as an infant, infants typically have less hair
kept infant type traits to get big brains

39
Q

development reveals

A

common ancestory

40
Q

pea aphids

A

parthenogenic in summer (asexual reproduction)
offspring become sexual in autumn, mate and produce eggs
sexual reproduction needed to mix up genetic diversity between individuals

41
Q

biological control of pea aphids

A

control by natural enemies
ladybugs
parasitic wasps inject egg in aphid, eats aphid from inside
parasite has to allow aphid to feed and get large enough to survive

42
Q

main driver of evolution

A

natural selection

43
Q

natural selection acts on ______ but is measured by ______

A

individuals
changes in genetic makeup of populations

44
Q

natural selection leads to

A

evolutionary adaptations

45
Q

does evolution have a purpose?

A

no motive to improve species
genetic diversity drives natural selection, evolution comes from random mutation

46
Q

sequential evolution

A

easier to build something sequentially, start with something that already exists/works and modify

Zoology 260 (7 decks)

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