Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolutionary Biology > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

origin of the word “species”

A

specere (Latin)
means kind or appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

species is a modern classification system used to describe each organism on Earth, including its:

A

evolutionary history
morphological and genetic characteristics
its relatedness to other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did scientists Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr build as criteria for each species?

A

interbreeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a species

A

a group of individuals capable of mating and producing fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what make species “species”?

A

if individuals interbreed and produce fertile offspring only among themselves
the members of each species resemble each other and are structurally different in some respects from the members of any other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does a change in gene frequency within a gene pool, either by means of genetic drift or natural selection, considered evidence of evolution, and does it constitute speciation?

A

a change in gene frequency is considered evidence of evolution but does not constitute speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define biological species concept

A

a species is a population or group of populations that are able to interbreed, under natural conditions, to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

does the biological species concept apply to all life forms?

A

no
the biological species concept defines speciation in terms of sexual reproduction. not all life forms undergo sexual reproduction. some undergo asexual reproduction (binary fission, spore formation, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define speciation

A

the process by which an ancestral species splits into 2 or more new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the result of speciation?

A

development of new species with unique characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 main stages of speciation?

A

separation
divergence
isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the first stage of speciation: separation

A

original species are separated into two or more groups that are prevented from interbreeding, thus restricting gene flow between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the second stage of speciation: divergence

A

the independent accumulation of heritable genetic mutations and differential survival and reproduction of individuals based upon heritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the third stage of speciation: isolation

A

groups reunite and are unable to breed and produce viable offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is speciation completed?

A

if biological characteristics result in the evolution of mechanisms that prevent interbeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the experiment by Diane Dodd (1989)

A

two groups of a species of fruit fly were separated and bred for 35 generations. One of the groups was given a source of food containing maltose while the other group had fructose instead. After 35 generations the two groups were brought back into contact with one another and yet members of the two groups would not mate with one another or reproduce - even in situations where it was the only way to produce offspring.

17
Q

what are the 4 types of natural speciation?

A

allopatric speciation
peripatric speciation
parapatric speciation
sympatric speciation

18
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the result of the physical separation of populations

19
Q

peripatric speciation

A

a subform of allopatric speciation in which a very small segment of individuals is physically separated from the original population

20
Q

parapatric speciation

A

a very slow process by which populations separated by occupying a different ecological niche in a very large geographic region

21
Q

sympatric speciation

A

the formation of new species from populations of the original species that occupy the same geographical location

22
Q

artificial speciation

A

when scientists separated members of the same species into populations that form distinct species as a result of selective breeding

23
Q

speciation that occurs as a result of physical separation

A

allopatric speciation

24
Q

steps of allopatric speciation (4)

A
  1. geographic barrier such as an ocean, mountain, or earthquake that physically separates populations of the original species
  2. the two populations accumulate heritable mutations and experience different selective pressures
  3. the two populations become increasingly divergent until reproductively incompatible
  4. speciation is complete when interbreeding with fertile offspring is no longer possible
25
Q

the most famous example of allopatric speciation

A

Galapagos Island finches, reported by Charles Darwin

26
Q

small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species, one group is much smaller than the other

A

peripatric speciation

27
Q

maintain a zone of contact and do not cease the exchange of genes completely

A

parapatric speciation

28
Q

evolve into distinct species while maintaining contact along a common border

A

adjacent populations

29
Q

speciation that occurs in the same area

A

sympatric speciation

30
Q

an example of sympatric speciation

A

Cichlid fish in Lake Apoyegue, Nacaragua

31
Q

the process by which an ancestral species splits into 2 or more new species

A

speciation

32
Q

the separation of different species to keep them from creating offspring by preventing the gametes from forming a zygote; before the fertilized egg

A

prezygotic barriers

33
Q

occurs after the gametes have made a zygote through fertilizing the egg; after the fertilized egg

A

postzygotic barrier

34
Q

what are the 5 prezygotic isolation mechanisms?

A

spatial isolation
temporal isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation
behavior isolation

35
Q

isolation based on physical distance

A

spatial isolation

36
Q

isolation based on reproductive timing

A

temporal isolation

37
Q

isolation based on lack of fit between sex organs

A

mechanical isolation

38
Q

isolation based on a lack of compatability of gametes

A

gametic isolation

39
Q

isolation based on mating rituals or behaviors

A

behavioral isolation

Evolutionary Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions