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Biology > speciation > Flashcards

speciation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals who can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Deme

A

Populations isolated with little gene flow

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3
Q

Cline

A

Gradual change in the phenotype of a population along an environmental gradient

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4
Q

Ring species

A

Series of overlapping populations around a looped geographical feature. Adjacent populations can interbreed (allowing gene flow) but populations at either end of the ring are unable to interbreed

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5
Q

Land bridges

A

Continuous land that links islands during ice ages, allowing gene flow

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6
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequency of a population due to chance

Large effect in small populations as rare alleles are easily lost and other alleles become fixed

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7
Q

Founder effect

A

A small group of individuals colonise a new area or become geographically isolated from their original population.

Allele frequency of the new population is not representative of the original population’s

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8
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Sudden large random decrease in the size of a population due to a chance event or human action

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9
Q

Mutation

A

Random permanent change in the base sequence of a gene → produces new alleles → new phenotypes

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10
Q

Gene flow (migration)

A

Movement of alleles in or out of a population

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11
Q

Natural selection

A

Variation in the population due to mutations and sex.
Selection pressures
Better adapted individuals will survive and reproduce more, passing on their favourable alleles to their offspring
Over time, increase in allele frequency of favourable alleles, leading to evolution.

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12
Q

Selection pressures

A

Environmental factors that favour the survival of one phenotype over another

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13
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Average phenotype (intermediates) is favoured, extreme phenotypes are selected against.
Keeps characteristics the same

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14
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Both extremes are selected for, average phenotype selected against

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15
Q

Directional selection

A

One extreme phenotype is favoured and the allele frequency shifts in one direction

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16
Q

Sexual selection

A

Individuals select for specific phenotypes for a mate

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17
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (RIM)

A

Barriers that prevent members of one species from breeding with members of the same species or a different species.

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18
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Prevent reproduction from taking place, prior to the formation of a fertilised egg or zygote

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19
Q

Geographical RIM

A

Physical barriers (eg. mountains, rivers, oceans)

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20
Q

Ecological RIM

A

Species occupy different niches within the same geographical area

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21
Q

Behavioural RIM

A

Different behaviours (eg. courtship rituals, sounds, calls, colouration)

22
Q

Temporal RIM

A

Activity, mating or flowering occurs at different, non-overlapping times

23
Q

Structural RIM

A

Incompatible reproductive structures which prevent the delivery or acceptance of gametes

24
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Gametes are incompatible and unable to fuse and produce a viable zygote

25
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Hybrid produced fails to develop properly and dies early in development

26
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Hybrid may be viable but sterile (unable to breed)

27
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

First generation hybrids may be fertile but subsequent generations are infertile or non-viable

28
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Formation of a new species from one common ancestor while in the same geographical area.
Species don’t interbreed due to niche differences.

29
Q

Instantaneous speciation

A

Type of sympatric speciation that occurs by polyploidy.
New species formed (polyploids) are not able to reproduce with the parent species due to prezygotic isolating mechanisms.

30
Q

Polyploidy

A

More than two complete sets of chromosomes

31
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

All sets of chromosomes come from the same species

32
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Sets of chromosomes originate from two or more ancestral species
Chromosomes inherited from the two parents are not identical, so cannot pair up during meiosis, producing an infertile hybrid
Cells undergo somatic doubling (number of chromosomes double due to non-disjunction in mitosis), and the hybrid then self-fertilises, a fertile hybrid is formed

33
Q

Polyploid advantage

A

Presence of extra sets of chromosomes → larger nuclei → larger cell size.
Polyploids will be bigger/stronger (hybrid vigour) and have larger leaves, stems, and wider branch angles.
Better competitors, may grow in a wider range of habitats, and be more resistant to pests and disease.

34
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Formation of a new species from one common ancestor due to prevention of gene flow by geographical barriers

35
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Two unrelated species evolve to develop similar features/adaptations as a result of being subjected to similar selection pressures/occupy similar niches

36
Q

Analogous structures

A

Body parts that have similar functions but different structures

37
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Two or more species evolve from a common ancestor due to different ecological niches/selection pressures

38
Q

Homologous structures

A

Body parts that have similar structure but have been modified to carry out different functions

39
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Rapid speciation, organisms change rapidly from a common ancestor into an abundance of new forms to occupy vacant niches
- ancestor evolves a new adaptation that allows it to outcompete existing species
- extinction event → creates many vacant niches and new habitat available
- migrate to new habitat

40
Q

Coevolution

A

Two species put a reciprocal selection pressure on each other → forming a close ecological relationship

41
Q

Gradualism

A

Slow, gradual, constant change in the characteristics of species over time, accumulation of changes results in speciation

42
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Long periods of stasis (little evolutionary change) interrupted by short rapid bursts of rapid speciation

43
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Similarities between structures of species

44
Q

Embryology

A

More closely related 2 species are, more similar their embryos are and later in development they become different

45
Q

Biogeography

A

Geographical distribution of species through plate tectonics separating

46
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Remnants of structures that have no current function but are leftovers inherited from ancestors

47
Q

Pentadactyl limb

A

Limb with five digits (eg. hand and foot)

48
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Only passed down through female line

49
Q

Protein/DNA analysis

A

More similar the base sequences of DNA + more alleles they have in common → more closely related they are

50
Q

Molecular clock

A

Differences in DNA are caused by mutations
Mutations happen at a predictable rate, scientists look at number of differences between two species and use this as a molecular clock to calculate how long ago the two species diverged from a common ancestor

51
Q

Fossil record

A

Preserved remains left by organisms that lived in the past.
Strata shows the age and sequence of fossils - older strata are deeper in the Earth (unless uplift brings them closer to the surface)

52
Q

Non-disjunction in meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis due to spindle fibres not forming on one side/
Results in diploid gametes instead of the usual haploid gametes

Biology (4 decks)

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