Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > responses > Flashcards

responses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxis

A

Movement of animals towards (positive) or away from (negative) a directional stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kinesis

A

Non-directional response of animals to the magnitude or intensity of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Orthokinesis

A

Change in speed of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Klinokinesis

A

Change in the rate of turning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Light

A

Photo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Touch

A

Thigmo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heat

A

Thermo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemicals

A

Chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Current

A

Rheo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gravity

A

Geo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exogenous rhythm

A

Activities controlled only by external cues, stop when there is no cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endogenous rhythm

A

Activities controlled by an internal biological clock. Rhythm continues even in constant conditions with no external cues but may show a phase shift as there is no zeitgeber to entrain the biological clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Environmental cue used to synchronise bio clock to external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Entrainment

A

Resetting of the internal clock using a zeitgeber, needed because day length changes with seasons and latitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phase shift

A

Change in period of rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to calculate phase shift

A

change in number of hours / change in number of days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Free running period

A

Length of rhythm under constant conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to calculate free running period

A

Add or subtract phase shift from normal rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Circadian

A

Every day/24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Circatidal

A

Every 12.5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Circalunar

A

Every month/29.5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Circannual

A

Every year/365 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are mammals’ biological clocks found in?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do biological clocks work (melatonin)?

A

Receptors in the eyes detect light → signals SCN → signals pineal gland to stop melatonin production → awake
No light → no signal to SCN → continue melatonin production → sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during the day, inactive at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nocturnal

A

Active during night, inactive at day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Crepuscular

A

Active during dawn and dusk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Homing

A

Innate ability of an animal to return home from another location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Migration

A

Seasonal mass movement of animals from one location to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Migration triggers

A

Decrease in photoperiod (most reliable) as can have warm day in winter so trigger migration to occur at the wrong time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Navigation methods (six)

A

Sun/solar compass
Star compass
Magnetic compass
Landmarks
Scent trail
Ocean currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hibernation

A

Dropping of an animal’s body temperature and heart rate on a seasonal basis to conserve energy. Reduces energy expenditure to allow animal to avoid harsh winter conditions when food resources are scarce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tropism

A

Growth of plants towards (positive) or away from (negative) a directional stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mechanism of auxin in tropism

A

Promotes cell elongation in shoot system, inhibits cell elongation in root system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Phototropism

A

Auxin accumulates on the shaded side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Geotropism

A

Auxin accumulates on the lower side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Auxin accumulates on the untouched side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain how tropism works

A
  1. Light is detected at the tip. Auxin produced at the tip diffuses down the stem.
  2. Auxin accumulates on the ___ side of the stem.
  3. Auxin promotes cell elongation in the shoots and causes cell walls to become elastic. When water enters by osmosis, cells on the ___ side elongate and the difference in cell size causes the stem to grow towards the light.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nastic

A

Rapid and reversible movement of plants to a non-directional stimuli and involves changes in turgor pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does nastic work

A
  1. Stimulus signals the pulvinus cells to pump K+ and Cl- ions out of the cell (lower salt conc inside the cell and so higher water conc).
  2. Forces water out of the vacuoles of the cell by osmosis, causing the vacuoles to decrease in turgidity and the cells become flaccid.
  3. Plant bends and closes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What nastic response does Venus flytrap show? Explain pros and cons

A

Thigmonastic - when fly touches its hairs → traps shut

Pros: gains nutrients from flies so it can live in nutrient poor swamps, no competition

Con - requires energy to carry out this mechanism (active transport to pump K+ and Cl- ions out of the cell), benefits outweigh cons

42
Q

What nastic response does mimosa show? Explain pros and cons

A

Thigmonastic - leaves close when touched

Pros: defence mechanism to prevent herbivores from grazing/reduce SA of leaves

43
Q

Benefits of photonastic

A

Flowers open during the day and close at night

Prevent pollen loss/damage at night due to cooler temp/dampness

Keeps petals fresh and attractive (good advertising)

No point opening up at night as most pollinators are diurnal

44
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Response in plants to the differing ratio of light and dark in a day

45
Q

What are the two forms of the pigment phytochrome?

A

Pr / Pred / P660

Pfr / Pfar-red / P725

46
Q

Conversion of phytochrome during the day

A

Large amounts of red light during the day, Pr rapidly converts into Pfr

47
Q

Conversion of phytochrome during night

A

Low amounts of far-red light, Pfr slowly converts into Pr

48
Q

Which form is the active form of phytochrome?

A

Pfr

49
Q

What is the effect of Pfr on flowering in SDP and LDP?

A

SDP - inhibits flowering
LDP - promotes flowering

50
Q

Conditions for SDP to flower

A

Require low levels of Pfr to flower and therefore, long nights/short days
Flower in winter

51
Q

Conditions for LDP to flower

A

Require high levels of Pfr to flower and therefore, short nights/long days
Flower in summer

52
Q

Critical night length

A

Period of time that when exceeded, promotes flowering in SDP but inhibits flowering in LDP

53
Q

How does a flash of light interrupting a dark period affect SDP?

A

Rapidly converts all Pr back to Pfr, thus preventing flowering

54
Q

How does a flash of light interrupting a dark period affect LDP?

A

Induces flowering

55
Q

Growth or dormancy

A

Plants and seeds suspend growth when environmental conditions are unfavourable

56
Q

Vernalisation

A

Artificial exposure of plants/seeds to low temp to stimulate flowering and germination so that they have time to prepare for spring/summer

57
Q

Abscission

A

Detachment of plant parts

58
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit (+/+)

59
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits, one species unaffected (+/o)

60
Q

Antibiosis

A

Successful competitor obtains all the resources it requires, while the loser is prevented (usually by chemical means) from resources and therefore excluded from the area

61
Q

Allelopathy

A

Form of antibiosis, plant produces allelochemicals that influence the growth, survival and reproduction of other organisms

62
Q

How does allelopathy work?

A

Leaves fall → allelochemicals leach into the soil → inhibits growth of competing plants → less competition for nutrients, water, light → increased rates of PS → more glucose for respiration → more energy for growth and reproduction

Con - cost lots of energy to make chemicals

63
Q

Exploitation

A

One species benefits, one species harmed (+/-)

64
Q

What are the three types of exploitation?

A

Herbivory, parasitism, predation

65
Q

Predation

A

One organism (the predator) captures and kills another organism (the prey)

66
Q

Strategies used by predators

A

Camouflage, position of eyes,
teeth/claws, speed and strength, hunting as a group

67
Q

Camouflage

A

Blend into the background of or disguise to resemble something not of interest
Benefits only one party +/-

68
Q

Aposematism

A

Using strong odours, bright colours and warning sounds to signal to the predator the unpalatability or dangerous nature of a prey item

69
Q

Mimicry

A

Species evolves to appear similar to another so the predator is unable to tell the two apart

70
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Model is dangerous and unpalatable, harmless and palatable mimic has evolved similar features → predator learns from harsh experience not to eat model, so will avoid anything similar (mimic)

71
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more poisonous species mimic each other’s warning signals to reinforce deterrent effect to predator

72
Q

Aggressive mimicry

A

Predators or parasites share similar features with a harmless model to deceive prey or host

73
Q

Herbivory

A

Consumption of plant material by animals

74
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite lives on or within host organism and derives nutrition from it

75
Q

Brood parasite

A

Organisms that rely on other species to raise their young.

Manipulates host by having eggs that resemble the host’s eggs (brood mimicry)

76
Q

Hemiparasite (parasitic plants)

A

Plant derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant (eg. mistletoe).

Modified roots, called haustoria, penetrate host, connecting to the xylem or phloem, allowing the hemiparasite to extract water and nutrients from host.

77
Q

Obligate/holoparasite (parasitoid)

A

Organism that spends its larval stage in or on another host organism, so it cannot complete its life cycle without exploiting a suitable host.
Feeds on the host as it develops and eventually kills the host

78
Q

Competition

A

Fighting for limited resources (eg. food, water, space). Both species are harmed

79
Q

Gause’s principle

A

No two species with identical ecological niches competing for the same resources can coexist indefinitely

80
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Members of the same species compete for limited resources

81
Q

Why is agonistic behaviour used?

A

Because physical fighting leads to injury or death and expends a lot of time and energy

82
Q

Territory

A

An area that is marked and actively defended

83
Q

Home range

A

Wider geographical area that contains shared resources for survival

84
Q

What determines the size of a territory?

A

Rank

Availability of resources - low resources → bigger territories (but less popn)

Increase in population size → decrease in territory size

85
Q

Hierarchy

A

Social rank/established order of individuals in a group of animals

86
Q

Altruism

A

Organism endangering itself or forgoing resources to benefit or protect individuals of the same species

87
Q

Kin selection

A

Form of altruism towards relatives.

Relatives are individuals that share some genetic material, so when the relatives’ offspring survives, alleles in common can be passed on.

88
Q

Courtship strategies

A

Rituals that allow an organism to display their traits/abilities, resulting in sexual selection.

Eg. vocalisation, dances, visual displays, puffing/flapping.

89
Q

Lek

A

Temporary territory established for display to attract mates

90
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Difference in the physical appearance of males and females

91
Q

Pair-bond

A

Long term relationship between both parents to help raise their offspring

Less energy expended by each parent, better protection and survival of young

92
Q

Monogamy

A

1 male, 1 female

93
Q

Polygyny

A

1 male, many females

94
Q

Polyandry

A

1 female, many males

95
Q

Polygynandry/promiscuity

A

Many males, many females

96
Q

Oviparous

A

Produce eggs that hatch (eg. fish)

97
Q

Viviparous

A

Develops embryo, results in that birth (eg. humans)

98
Q

Altricial

A

Underdeveloped at time of birth, unable to move around on its own

99
Q

Precocious

A

Relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching

100
Q

Characteristics of R-strategists (6)

A

Short lifespan - not much time and energy to expend in reproduction
Large number of small offspring
Low chance of survival as no parental care (many young die, but enough survive)
No or low energy investment in offspring
Reach maturity early
Fast population growth rate

101
Q

Characteristics of K-strategists (6)

A

Long lifespan, so large amount of time and energy to expend in reproduction
Small number of large offspring
High chance of survival as lots of nurturing parental care (learning)
High energy investment in offspring
Reach maturity later
Slow population growth rate

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions