Specialized Products of Amino Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

Tyrosine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

DOPA;
Tyrosine hydroxylase;
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

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2
Q

DOPA is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Dopamine;
DOPA Decarboxylase;
PLP (Vit B6)

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3
Q

Dopamine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Norepinephrine;
Dopamine B-hydroxylase
Vitamin C

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4
Q

Noepinephrine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Epinephrine;
Phenylethanolamine N Methyl Transferase;
S-adenoysl methionone (SAM)

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5
Q

A patient comes to you with spastic movements, tremors, loss of memory, mood disturbances and postural instability. You suspect he has ___________, which you know is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a loss of ________ producing cells in the _________. Tests confirm your suspicion and so you administer _______. This drug is converted to ________ in the brain and improves his symptoms.

A
Parkinsons disease;
Dopamine;
Basal ganglia;
L-Dopa;
Dopamine
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6
Q

Peripheral dopamine formation must be inhibited by administration of what?

A

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor along with the L-Dopa

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7
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are degraded by _____and _____ to form______.

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase)
COMT (Catechol O-methyl transferase
VMA (Vanillyl Mandelic acid - excreted in urine)

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8
Q

Besides degrading Norepinephrine and Epinephrine to VMA, MAO and COMT degrade Dopamine as well to:

A

HVA (Homovanillic acid -excreted in urine)

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9
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Overproduction of catecholamines by an adrenal medulla tumor.

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10
Q

Serotonin is also known as what?

A

5-hydroxy tryptamine

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11
Q

Serotonin is synthesized in what?

A

Gut
Platelets
CNS

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12
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from what?

A

Tryptophan

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13
Q

Serotonin is metabolized to what? By what enzyme?

A

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid);

MAO

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14
Q

What is diagnostically characteristic of Carcinoid syndrome?

A

Increased 5-HIAA in urine;

because it is caused by a tumor of serotonin producing cells in the GIT (APUD cells)

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15
Q

Melatonin is derived from what?

A

Serotonin (5-Hydroxy Tryptamine)

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16
Q

Which reactions require Tetrahydrobiopterin?

A

–Phenylalanine hydroxylase(converts Pheto Tyr)
–Tyrosine hydroxylase(converts Tyr to DOPA)
–Tryptophan hydroxylase(converts Trpto 5-hydroxy tryptophan)

17
Q

Deficiency of ____________or__________ result in hyperphenylalaninemia& decreased synthesis of neurotransmitters (catecholamines, serotonin).

A

Dihydrobiopterin synthase

Dihydrobiopterin reductase

18
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Inhibitory

in CNS

19
Q

GABA stands for

A

Gamma amino butyric acid

20
Q

Glutamic acid (Glutamate) is converted to GABA using what enzyme? What co-factor is required?

A

Glutamate Decarboxylase

PLP

21
Q

What cells are involved with GABA reuptake in the CNS?

A

Glial cells

22
Q

Histidine is converted to Histamine by what enzyme? Requiring which cofactor?

A

Amino Acid Decarboxylase

PLP

23
Q

Creatine can be synthesized from what?

A

Arginine,
Glycine
SAM (S-adenosyl Methionine)

24
Q

When muscle is resting, creatine…

A

accepts P groups from ATP

done by Creatine PK

25
Q

When muscle is contracting, creatine…

A

donates P groups to ADP

done by Creatine PK

26
Q

What is creatine converted to?

A

Creatinine (spontaneous)

27
Q

Acute or chronic renal failure does what to serum creatinine levels?

A

Elevate

28
Q

What does Nitric oxide synthase catalyze?

A

Arginine —-> NO

Citrulline is given off

29
Q

Albinism is a deficiency of what enzyme?

A

Tyrosinase

deficient conversion of tyrosine to melanin

30
Q

Glutathione is a tripeptide made up of what three enzymes?

A

Glutamate (Glutamic acid)
Cysteine
Glycine

31
Q

Glutathione reductase functions to reduce ______ back to 2 _______ and requires ______ as an electron source.

A

GSSG
GSH
NADPH