Specialized Products of Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Tyrosine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

DOPA;
Tyrosine hydroxylase;
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

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2
Q

DOPA is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Dopamine;
DOPA Decarboxylase;
PLP (Vit B6)

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3
Q

Dopamine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Norepinephrine;
Dopamine B-hydroxylase
Vitamin C

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4
Q

Noepinephrine is converted to what? By what enzyme? What cofactors are needed?

A

Epinephrine;
Phenylethanolamine N Methyl Transferase;
S-adenoysl methionone (SAM)

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5
Q

A patient comes to you with spastic movements, tremors, loss of memory, mood disturbances and postural instability. You suspect he has ___________, which you know is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a loss of ________ producing cells in the _________. Tests confirm your suspicion and so you administer _______. This drug is converted to ________ in the brain and improves his symptoms.

A
Parkinsons disease;
Dopamine;
Basal ganglia;
L-Dopa;
Dopamine
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6
Q

Peripheral dopamine formation must be inhibited by administration of what?

A

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor along with the L-Dopa

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7
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are degraded by _____and _____ to form______.

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase)
COMT (Catechol O-methyl transferase
VMA (Vanillyl Mandelic acid - excreted in urine)

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8
Q

Besides degrading Norepinephrine and Epinephrine to VMA, MAO and COMT degrade Dopamine as well to:

A

HVA (Homovanillic acid -excreted in urine)

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9
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Overproduction of catecholamines by an adrenal medulla tumor.

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10
Q

Serotonin is also known as what?

A

5-hydroxy tryptamine

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11
Q

Serotonin is synthesized in what?

A

Gut
Platelets
CNS

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12
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from what?

A

Tryptophan

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13
Q

Serotonin is metabolized to what? By what enzyme?

A

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid);

MAO

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14
Q

What is diagnostically characteristic of Carcinoid syndrome?

A

Increased 5-HIAA in urine;

because it is caused by a tumor of serotonin producing cells in the GIT (APUD cells)

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15
Q

Melatonin is derived from what?

A

Serotonin (5-Hydroxy Tryptamine)

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16
Q

Which reactions require Tetrahydrobiopterin?

A

–Phenylalanine hydroxylase(converts Pheto Tyr)
–Tyrosine hydroxylase(converts Tyr to DOPA)
–Tryptophan hydroxylase(converts Trpto 5-hydroxy tryptophan)

17
Q

Deficiency of ____________or__________ result in hyperphenylalaninemia& decreased synthesis of neurotransmitters (catecholamines, serotonin).

A

Dihydrobiopterin synthase

Dihydrobiopterin reductase

18
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Inhibitory

in CNS

19
Q

GABA stands for

A

Gamma amino butyric acid

20
Q

Glutamic acid (Glutamate) is converted to GABA using what enzyme? What co-factor is required?

A

Glutamate Decarboxylase

PLP

21
Q

What cells are involved with GABA reuptake in the CNS?

A

Glial cells

22
Q

Histidine is converted to Histamine by what enzyme? Requiring which cofactor?

A

Amino Acid Decarboxylase

PLP

23
Q

Creatine can be synthesized from what?

A

Arginine,
Glycine
SAM (S-adenosyl Methionine)

24
Q

When muscle is resting, creatine…

A

accepts P groups from ATP

done by Creatine PK

25
When muscle is contracting, creatine...
donates P groups to ADP | done by Creatine PK
26
What is creatine converted to?
Creatinine (spontaneous)
27
Acute or chronic renal failure does what to serum creatinine levels?
Elevate
28
What does Nitric oxide synthase catalyze?
Arginine ----> NO | Citrulline is given off
29
Albinism is a deficiency of what enzyme?
Tyrosinase | deficient conversion of tyrosine to melanin
30
Glutathione is a tripeptide made up of what three enzymes?
Glutamate (Glutamic acid) Cysteine Glycine
31
Glutathione reductase functions to reduce ______ back to 2 _______ and requires ______ as an electron source.
GSSG GSH NADPH