Specialities Flashcards
Venous blood gas measures what? When should it be taken?
Lactate; consider with suspected sepsis
Below what saturations should oxygen be given?
94%
Systolic BP value of below what is an indication for fluid challenge with crystalloid?
90mmHg
How do general anaesthetics work at neuron level?
Suppressing, via opening chloride channels leading to hyperpolarisation
What effect do general anaesthetic agents have on sympathetic nerve activity?
Decreases
General anaesthetic agents have what effect on tidal volume?
Decrease
Propofol and thiopentone are administered via what method?
IV
Halothane and desflurane are administered via what method?
Inhaled
Low MAC of an inhaled general anaesthetic agent indicates what level of potency?
High
Is fentanyl long or short acting?
Short
Morphine and oxycodone are long or short acting?
Long
Lidocaine is used as what type of anaesthetic agent?
Local
How do local anaesthetic agents work at neuronal level?
Block sodium channels, hence preventing action potentials from propagating
Oral numbness and tingling, visual disturbance and drowsiness are signs of what toxicity?
Local anaesthetic toxicity
Chronic pain is described as pain lasting longer than?
3 months
The gate theory of pain utilises what type of neurones as inhibition of the nociceptive signal?
A alpha and A beta fibres
Amitriptyline is good for what type of pain?
Neuropathic
Amitriptyline can have what kind of side effects?
Anti-cholinergic
- glaucoma, urinary retention
Urinary retention is a side effect of what neuropathic pain medication?
Amitriptyline (TCA)
Hypoxaemia + normocapnia signify what type of respiratory failure?
Type 1
Hypercapnia indicates what type of respiratory failure?
Type 2
Muscular disorders typically cause what type of respiratory failure?
Type 2
Capillary refill time of over how many seconds is indicative for fluid therapy?
2 seconds
Fluid resuscitation is achieved by how many mls of what kind of solution?
500ml of crystalloid
- over 20 minutes via 18G antecubital fossa cannula
How many mls of fluid per day is required for maintenance fluid therapy?
25-30mls/kg/day
How many mmol of sodium, potassium and chloride are required per day in fluid maintenance?
1mmol/kg/day
How many grams of glucose are required per day to limit ketosis?
50-100g
What is the recommended therapy for type 2 respiratory failure?
BiPAP
Which fluid should be used for resuscitation complicated by hyperkalaemia?
0.9% sodium chloride
Severe dehydration should be treated with what fluid regime?
0.9% sodium chloride
What does it mean if INR is too high?
Blood is clotting slowly and there is a risk of bleeding
What is a normal INR level?
1.1 or below
What reversal therapy should be given to patients on warfarin with a high INR?
IV vitamin K
What assessment tool is used to assess and manage disruption to health in older people with frailty?
CGA
Incontinence in a women with children is most likely what type?
Stress
What is the first line management in stress incontinence?
Physiotherapy
What medication can be used in stress incontinence?
Duloxetine
Men with BPH most likely have what type of incontinence?
Overflow
Tamsulosin and finasteride can be utilised in what type of incontinence?
Overflow
Bladder stones can lead to what type of incontinence?
Urge
What class of drugs is used in urge incontinence?
Anti-muscarinics
- relax detrusor muscle
Neuropathic bladder can be secondary to neurological disease or what?
Long term catheterisation
Which scoring too can be used for delirium?
4AT
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision and urinary retention are side effects of what class of drugs?
Anticholinergics
Which cardiac medication is dangerous for use in the elderly?
Digoxin
Epidural anaesthesia can have what effect on the patients blood pressure?
Hypotension
Sepsis is characterised as SIRS + what?
Infection
Visual hallucinations indicate which type of dementia?
Lewy body dementia
