Specialities Flashcards

1
Q

Venous blood gas measures what? When should it be taken?

A

Lactate; consider with suspected sepsis

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2
Q

Below what saturations should oxygen be given?

A

94%

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3
Q

Systolic BP value of below what is an indication for fluid challenge with crystalloid?

A

90mmHg

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4
Q

How do general anaesthetics work at neuron level?

A

Suppressing, via opening chloride channels leading to hyperpolarisation

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5
Q

What effect do general anaesthetic agents have on sympathetic nerve activity?

A

Decreases

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6
Q

General anaesthetic agents have what effect on tidal volume?

A

Decrease

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7
Q

Propofol and thiopentone are administered via what method?

A

IV

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8
Q

Halothane and desflurane are administered via what method?

A

Inhaled

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9
Q

Low MAC of an inhaled general anaesthetic agent indicates what level of potency?

A

High

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10
Q

Is fentanyl long or short acting?

A

Short

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11
Q

Morphine and oxycodone are long or short acting?

A

Long

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12
Q

Lidocaine is used as what type of anaesthetic agent?

A

Local

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13
Q

How do local anaesthetic agents work at neuronal level?

A

Block sodium channels, hence preventing action potentials from propagating

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14
Q

Oral numbness and tingling, visual disturbance and drowsiness are signs of what toxicity?

A

Local anaesthetic toxicity

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15
Q

Chronic pain is described as pain lasting longer than?

A

3 months

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16
Q

The gate theory of pain utilises what type of neurones as inhibition of the nociceptive signal?

A

A alpha and A beta fibres

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17
Q

Amitriptyline is good for what type of pain?

A

Neuropathic

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18
Q

Amitriptyline can have what kind of side effects?

A

Anti-cholinergic
- glaucoma, urinary retention

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19
Q

Urinary retention is a side effect of what neuropathic pain medication?

A

Amitriptyline (TCA)

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20
Q

Hypoxaemia + normocapnia signify what type of respiratory failure?

A

Type 1

21
Q

Hypercapnia indicates what type of respiratory failure?

A

Type 2

22
Q

Muscular disorders typically cause what type of respiratory failure?

A

Type 2

23
Q

Capillary refill time of over how many seconds is indicative for fluid therapy?

A

2 seconds

24
Q

Fluid resuscitation is achieved by how many mls of what kind of solution?

A

500ml of crystalloid
- over 20 minutes via 18G antecubital fossa cannula

25
Q

How many mls of fluid per day is required for maintenance fluid therapy?

A

25-30mls/kg/day

26
Q

How many mmol of sodium, potassium and chloride are required per day in fluid maintenance?

A

1mmol/kg/day

27
Q

How many grams of glucose are required per day to limit ketosis?

A

50-100g

28
Q

What is the recommended therapy for type 2 respiratory failure?

A

BiPAP

29
Q

Which fluid should be used for resuscitation complicated by hyperkalaemia?

A

0.9% sodium chloride

30
Q

Severe dehydration should be treated with what fluid regime?

A

0.9% sodium chloride

31
Q

What does it mean if INR is too high?

A

Blood is clotting slowly and there is a risk of bleeding

32
Q

What is a normal INR level?

A

1.1 or below

33
Q

What reversal therapy should be given to patients on warfarin with a high INR?

A

IV vitamin K

34
Q

What assessment tool is used to assess and manage disruption to health in older people with frailty?

A

CGA

35
Q

Incontinence in a women with children is most likely what type?

A

Stress

36
Q

What is the first line management in stress incontinence?

A

Physiotherapy

37
Q

What medication can be used in stress incontinence?

A

Duloxetine

38
Q

Men with BPH most likely have what type of incontinence?

A

Overflow

39
Q

Tamsulosin and finasteride can be utilised in what type of incontinence?

A

Overflow

40
Q

Bladder stones can lead to what type of incontinence?

A

Urge

41
Q

What class of drugs is used in urge incontinence?

A

Anti-muscarinics
- relax detrusor muscle

42
Q

Neuropathic bladder can be secondary to neurological disease or what?

A

Long term catheterisation

43
Q

Which scoring too can be used for delirium?

A

4AT

44
Q

Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision and urinary retention are side effects of what class of drugs?

A

Anticholinergics

45
Q

Which cardiac medication is dangerous for use in the elderly?

A

Digoxin

46
Q

Epidural anaesthesia can have what effect on the patients blood pressure?

A

Hypotension

47
Q

Sepsis is characterised as SIRS + what?

A

Infection

48
Q

Visual hallucinations indicate which type of dementia?

A

Lewy body dementia