Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2.1.6 - Cell Division > specialised cells > Flashcards

specialised cells Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

outline the levels of organisation of a multicellular organism in order

A

specialised cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ systems –> whole organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define specialised

A

having particular structure to serve a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define differentiated

A

specialised to carry out very specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define cell

A

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define tissue

A

collection of cells, of one or more types, working together to perform a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define organ

A

a collection of tissues working together to perform a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define organ system

A

collection of organs working together to perform a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain why multicellular organisms have specialised cells

A
  • bc they are complex and require different organ systems to function
  • specialised cells carry out functions very efficiently
  • if no cells were specialised, no life process would be done as efficiently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain how erythrocytes are specialised for their function

A
  • flattened biconcave shape - increases SV ratio
  • flexible - able to squeeze through narrow capillaries
  • no nuclei & many other organelles in mammals - more space for haemoglobin
  • essential for transporting O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain how neutrophils are specialised for their function

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus to squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infection
  • granular cytoplasm contains lysosomes to contain enzymes used to attack pathogens
  • essential to combat infections as part of immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain how sperm cells are specialised for their function

A
  • tail/flagellum - capable of movement
  • many mitochondria - energy supply for swimming
  • acrosome - contains digestive enzymes to allow sperm to penetrate the ovum and fertilise
  • essential for delivering genetic information to female gametes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain how palisade cells are specialised for their function

A
  • chloroplasts - absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis
  • rectangular box shape - closely packed to form continuous layer
  • thin cell walls - increased rate of diffusion of CO2
  • large vacuole - maintain turgor pressure
  • chloroplasts able to move within cytoplasm to absorb more light
  • essential to maximise rate of photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain how root hair cells are specialised for their function

A
  • long extensions (root hairs) - increase surface area of cell
  • essential to maximise uptake of water + minerals from the soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain how guard cells are specialised for their function

A
  • form stomata - allow CO2 to enter/exit plants
  • when they lose water, they become less swollen due to osmotic forces, change shape and stoma closes to prevent further water loss from plant
  • cell wall is thicker on one side so the cell does not change shape symmetrically as volume changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state 4 main categories of tissue in animals

A
  • nervous: support transmission of electric impulses
  • epithelial tissue: cover body surfaces
  • muscle: adapted to contract
  • connective: hold tissues together/transport medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain how squamous epithelium is specialised for it function

A
  • very thin - one cell thick & the cells are flat - small diffusion distance
  • present when rapid diff. across a surface is essential (lining of lungs)
17
Q

explain how ciliated epithelium is specialised for its function

A
  • composed of ciliated epithelial + goblet cells
  • cilia move in rhythmic manner, causing mucus to be swept away from the lungs
  • tissue prevents particles & pathogens from reaching the alveoli once inside lungs
  • found in the trachea
18
Q

explain how goblet cells are specialised for their function

A

release mucus to trap unwanted particles from the air

19
Q

explain how cartilage is specialised for its function

A
  • firm + flexible - composed of chondrocyte cells embedded in extracellular matrix containing elastin & collagen
  • prevents ends of bones rubbing together & causing damage
  • found in outer ear, nose, ends of & between bones
20
Q

explain how muscle tissue is specialised for its function

A

contain myofibrils that contain contractile proteins - allow muscle tissue to contract in order to move bones which moves diff parts of the body

21
Q

explain how epidermis tissue is specialised for its function

A
  • single layer of closely packed cells that covers surface of plants
  • covered by waxy waterproof cuticle - reduces loss of water
  • stomata (formed by guard cells) - allow CO2, H2O and O in and out
22
Q

explain how xylem tissue is specialised for its function

A
  • vascular tissue responsible for transport of water and minerals throughout plants
  • vessel elements (elongated dead cells) walls of them strengthened with lignin - structural support for plants
23
Q

explain how phloem tissue is specialised for its function

A
  • vascular tissue responsible for transport of organic nutrients (sucrose) from leaves and stems where it is made to other parts of the plant
  • composed of columns of sieve tube cells separated by perforated walls (sieve plates)
24
Q

state 3 examples of organ systems in animals

A
  • digestive system
  • cardiovascular system
  • gaseous exchange system
25
Q

describe the function of the digestive system

A

takes in food, breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones, absorbs nutrients into the blood, retains water needed by body and removes undigested material from body

26
Q

describe the function of the cardiovascular system

A

moves blood around the body to provide a transport system for the substance it carries

27
Q

describe the function of the gaseous exchange system

A

brings air into the body so O2 can be extracted for respiration and CO2 can be expelled

Biology 2.1.6 - Cell Division (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions