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RUSVM Special Species > Special Species Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Special Species Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

Gout in reptiles is defined as deposition of ________ and ________ in viscera and articular surfaces

A

Gout in reptiles is defined as deposition of uric acid and urate salts in viscera and articular surfaces

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2
Q

How do you diagnose iridovirus?

A

basophilic inclusion bodies on impression smears, histopathology, and skin scrapes

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3
Q

This is the most common upper respiratory disease of chickens in the United States:

A

Avian Infectious Bronchitis

caused by coronavirus

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4
Q

What drug do we typically as an antipsychotic in birds?

A

haloperidol

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5
Q

You note these droppings from a bird. What is your diagnosis?

A

advanced liver disease

  • The image show biliverdinuria. The bird is excreting biliverdin (green/yellow), which is then passed through the kidneys and comes out in the urine.*
  • This is the bird version of jaundice, essentially*
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6
Q

What is this area of the bird?

A

coelom

  • This is where you do abdominal palpation. If you run your finger down the keel, once you get to the bottom it should drop into this area. This should be concave.*
  • If it’s convex you may have a problem. If you feel something that feels like a ping pong ball, that’s probably an egg.*
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7
Q

What are the anticoagulants of choice in reptiles?

A

Lithium and sodium heparin

EDTA causes red blood cell lysis in chelonians

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8
Q

Snakes typically only have one lung… which one?

A

right lung

Snakes typically DO NOT have a left lung. An exception is boa constrictors that have a vestigial left lung (remember this when you see it on radiographs)

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9
Q

What vessel is most commonly used for large blood sample collection in turtles, tortoises, and terrapins?

A

jugular vein

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10
Q

Bird skin has no glands except:

A

uropygial gland (preen gland)

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11
Q

Birds are uricotelic. What does that mean?

A

uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste

  • Urates should be white
  • Droppings should be dry, white and green normally
    • If there are pigmented dyes in food, droppings may change color
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12
Q

When discussing lighting options for reptile enclosures with clients it is important to emphasize that which spectrum is critical to Vitamin D3 synthesis?

A

UVB

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13
Q

Definitive diagnosis of gout can be reached by demonstration of __________ within the joints of affected patients or within tophi

A

monosodium urate crystals

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14
Q

What virus is thought to be responsible for proventricular dilation disease (PDD) in birds?

A

avian bornavirus

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15
Q

__________ deficiency can result in curled toe paralysis (pictured), stunting, diarrhea, enlargement of brachial and sciatic nerve sheaths in chicks

A

riboflavin

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16
Q

Identify:

A

Clostridium tetani

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17
Q

Why do male birds sometimes develop lameness associated with testicular hyperplasia?

A

the testes are putting pressure on the nerve

In some species, the testes can increase in weight 300-500x

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18
Q

How long does Leuprolide Acetate last in pet birds?

A

2.5 - 3 weeks

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19
Q

T/F: Both the adult and larval forms of Ophionyssus natricis are parasitic

A

True

Ophionyssus natricis is a common snake mite

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20
Q

What Clostridial species is responsible for necrotic enteritis in turkeys and chickens?

A

C. perfringens

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21
Q

Newcastle Disease is caused by Paramyxovirus Type 1 in chickens and there are multiple different forms. Which form is reportable?

A

Viscerotropic velogenic (VVND)

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22
Q

This is an immediate screening test for choosing an appropriate antimicrobial:

A

Gram Staining

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23
Q

Which plasma test is best for assessing the function of the avian renal system?

  • Blood urea nitrogen
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • A combination of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
A

uric acid

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24
Q

Identify this lesion that resembles an abscess in the toe of this bird:

A

tophi = uric acid deposits

  • Gout = kidney failure to clear urates = high uric acid in the blood
  • If you see this, you can cut into it, squeeze out material and look at it under a microscope. You’ll see crystals (no bloodwork necessary)
  • You CAN pull blood to document how high the uric acid content is
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25
Q

For treatment of egg-binding, you typically should try medical treatment first. What is involved in medical treatment?

A

calcium, fluids, heat, dextrose, pain meds

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26
Q

Psittacosis may not have a typical presentation in Cockatiels and Budgerigars. What do you expect to see in these birds?

A
  • Cockatiels: URI
  • Budgies: chronic poor-doing
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27
Q

The three standard radiographic views for chelonians are dorsoventral, lateral, and craniocaudal. Which of these views allow the clinician to assess both lung fields?

A

craniocaudal

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28
Q

How do you diagnose Inclusion body virus in snakes?

A

Eosinophilic nuclear inclusion bodies in RBCs or seen in liver, pancreas or esophagus (biopsy)

  • Clinical signs:
    • Boas: regurgitation and mild CNS dysfunction
    • Pythons: severe CNS dysfunction
  • There is no treatment! If you confirm definitive diagnosis… euthanize.
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29
Q

PBFD can be diagnosed based on viral inclusion bodies on ___________

A

follicle biopsy

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30
Q

What is the etiologic agent associated with coccidiosis in reptiles?

A

Isospora amphiboluri

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31
Q

Where do you palpate a bird to assess body condition?

A

over the keel

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32
Q

A bird egg spends most of its time in:

A

shell gland (uterus)

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33
Q

What is the condition in reptiles in which abnormal/no shedding takes place?

A

dysecdysis

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34
Q

What supplement is commonly given to lizards with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism to correct the serum Ca2+ deficiency?

A

calcium glubionate

BID injections until twitching stops, then continue oral administration

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35
Q

What modalities are useful for diagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus in birds?

A

bloodwork (Asper blood panels), EPH, radiographs, biopsy and histopathology

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36
Q

T/F: If you’re performing a fecal Gram stain, it is important to use the white part of the stool

A

False

The white part of the stool contains URATES. Look at the picture below. It’s a bunch of urates and it’s just a damn mess. How are you supposed to see anything on that? You’re not. That’s how.

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37
Q

You visit a chicken farm and the farmer mentions that his chickens have been laying abnormal eggs and exhibiting respiratory signs: gasping, sneezing, coughing

What is your top differential?

A

avian infectious bronchitis

cheesy exudate at tracheal bifurcation causes asphyxia and dyspnea​

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38
Q

In birds, red muscle is rich in __________

A

myoglobin

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39
Q

Juvenile turkeys are termed:

A

poults

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40
Q

What drugs are given in a case of gout in reptiles to increase secretion of uric acid and decrease hepatic production?

A
  • Probenacid: increases secretion of uric acid
  • Allopurinol: reduces hepatic production
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41
Q

Papillomatosis has been known to cause __________ in amazons and macaws

A

bile duct carcinoma

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42
Q

What is the recommended venipuncture site for large volumes of blood in the bird?

A

jugular vein

  • Other sites include cutaneous ulnar vein (wing vein), medial metatarsal vein, toenail clip*
  • An exception is pigeons. Pigeons have a venous plexus instead of a discrete jugular vein, so if you try to hit the jugular on a pigeon, they’ll probably hemorrhage. In this case, we’ll use the medial metatarsal vein*
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43
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency affecting the skin in birds?

A

hypovitaminosis A

  • Beta-carotene = pro-vitamin A, but you don’t find it in things people typically feed to birds
    • It IS in mangos, so FEED MANGO!
  • Vitamin A is responsible for epithelial integrity. You can get squamous metaplasia of non-squamous epithelium if you have a Vit A deficiency
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44
Q

What’s that?

A

choana

  • Natural cleft palate
  • Goes up into the nasal passages
  • Good place to look for discharge
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45
Q

T/F: Sedated extraction may be an appropriate treatment for egg binding

A

True

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46
Q

What is going on in the toes of this bird?

A

dry gangrene of digits from trauma

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47
Q

T/F: PCR is the most reliable test for diagnosis of proventricular dilation disease (avian bornavirus)

A

False

  • The PCR blood test is not reliable. Radiographs with dye are probably the best way to diagnose (while the bird is alive), but they’re only suggestive of the disease. It’s hard to definitively diagnose ante-mortem. You can perform a crop biopsy through a nerve too.*
  • Post-mortem biopsy of the proventriculus should provide a more definitive diagnosis*
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48
Q

Many reptiles have moveable eyelids. Which reptiles lack these structures?

  • turtles, tortoises, terrapins
  • alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials
  • snakes and some lizards
  • the tuatara, the last survivor of the Mesozoic era, native to some small islands off the coast of new Zealand
  • frogs and toads
A

snakes and some lizards​

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49
Q

What are thooooooooose?

A

Giardia

Will look like little whales

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50
Q

When performing radiographs on a bird, it is important to obtain two views. What two views should you obtain?

A

Ventrodorsal and lateral

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51
Q

What treatment is indicated for coccidiosis in reptiles?

A

Ponazuril

(30 mg/kg PO once and second dose 48 hours later)

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52
Q

What is the major difference between avian polyoma virus and Pacheco’s disease in baby birds?

A

Polyoma causes subcutaneous hemorrhage

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53
Q

What characteristic of the avian trachea keeps the trachea from collapsing?

A

complete tracheal rings

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54
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Knemidocoptes (scaly face/leg mite)

  • can see holes from the mite if you look closely
  • Treat with ivermectin (1 drop over the jugular vein)
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55
Q

How do you diagnose avian polyoma virus and/or Pacheco’s disease in baby birds?

A

liver biopsy and PCR

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56
Q

What is the most common skeletal abnormality in chicks? What is it caused by?

A

Rickets

Caused by lack of calcium and or Vitamin D

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57
Q

Name some warning signs of a sick bird:

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • Refusing favorite treats
  • Decreased vocalizations
  • Weird droppings
  • More tractable
  • Behavior at home
  • Owner’s assessment
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58
Q

What would you expect to see on radiographs in a lizard with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

loss of cortical density and pathologic fractures

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59
Q

Which of the following is true about Chlamydophila psittaci infection in birds?

  • Once a bird if successfully treated, it has lifetime immunity against future infections
  • Infected birds should be treated for only 5-7 days since infection is quickly eliminated once treatment starts
  • Infected birds are often asymptomatic carriers
  • In a multiple bird household, only birds housed in the same cage as the chlamydophila-positive bird need to be treated
A

Infected birds are often asymptomatic carriers​

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60
Q

In what instance would you run a BUN on a bird?

A

you wouldn’t.

Birds are uricotelic, so uric acid is a major nitrogenous waste as opposed to urea in mammals

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61
Q

T/F: Every bird type is a different species

A

True

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62
Q

This is the sebaceous skin gland used for water proofing and insulating the feathers in birds:

A

uropygial or preen gland

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63
Q

If a bird presents with liquidy or bubbly droppings, what should you suspect?

A

Clostridium

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64
Q

Male birds have ___ testes. Female birds have ___ ovaries

A

Male birds have 2 testes. Female birds have 1 ovary

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65
Q

When Chlamydophila infects a chicken, it is termed:

A

Ornithosis

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66
Q

In what types of birds do we most commonly see self-mutilation syndrome?

A

Cockatoos, Quakers, Eclectus

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67
Q

The _________ is the site of fertilization in the bird

A

infundibulum

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68
Q

Bilateral blepharoedema is a clinical sign associated with what nutritional disorder in reptiles?

A

Hypovitaminosis A

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69
Q

What etiologic agent is associated with fowl typhoid?

A

Salmonella gallinarum

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70
Q

During shelling, the full amount of circulating calcium in the blood stream is withdrawn by the __________ every 15 minutes

A

uterus

During shelling, the full amount of circulating calcium is withdrawn by the uterus every 15 minutes​

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71
Q

T/F: Crocodiles and chelonians have complete tracheal rings, while snakes and lizards have incomplete tracheal rings

A

True!

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72
Q

This is a voluntary agreement between countries that they will regulate trade so species do not become extinct (contains plants and animals)

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

73
Q

T/F: An endotherm relies on environmental temperature to maintain body temperature

A

False

An ectotherm relies on environmental temperature to maintain body temperature​

74
Q

Knemidocoptes (scaley face and leg mite) responds very well to treatment with:

A

ivermectin

75
Q

Identify the pleurodont tooth:

A
76
Q

What abnormality will you see on plasma protein electrophoesis in a bird with aspergillosis?

A

spike in beta globulins

77
Q

What drugs are used to treat psittacosis in pet birds?

A

Doxycycline, Azithromycin

78
Q

What is the most important consideration when intubating a bird with an endotracheal tube?

A

DO NOT USED A CUFFED TUBE

birds have complete tracheal rings!

79
Q

How many types of feathers are present in the bird?

A

seven

including down and contour feathers

80
Q

What is the general rule for clipping feathers?

A

cut the first 7-8 primary feathers

81
Q

Squamous metaplasia, hyperkeratatosis and erosion of palate and salivary glands in chickens is caused by ________ deficiency

A

Vitamin A

82
Q

What two structures make up the hourglass appearance on radiographs in birds?

A

heart and liver

83
Q

This virus in birds affects the nerves along the wall of the proventriculus and causes ganglioneuritis along the nerve roots. This causes a loss of peristalsis in the stomach and subsequent dilation.

A

avian bornavirus

84
Q

Blood volume in birds = ___% of body weight

A

Blood volume in birds = 10% of body weight

(1 mL of blood from a 100 gram bird)

85
Q

Is this bird domestic or imported?

A

domestic

closed band = domestic

86
Q

Newly acquired reptiles should be quarantined for at least ________. One exception are boids, who should be quarantined for at least ________.

A

Newly acquired reptiles should be quarantined for at least 90 days. One exception are boids, who should be quarantined for at least 6 months.

87
Q

When Chlamydophila infects a Psittacine bird, it is termed:

A

Psittacosis

88
Q

When collecting blood for transfusion in reptiles, what anticoagulant is used?

A

acid citrate dextrose (ACD)

89
Q

Name a few uses for Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron®) in birds:

A

egg laying, testicular masses, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors

90
Q

With which form of Fowl Pox do we expect to white nodules (plaques) on the oropharynx, larynx, and trachea?

A

Diphtheritic (wet) form

91
Q

Female birds only have 1 ovary. On what side do we find that ovary?

A

left

92
Q

What abnormality is present in this bird?

A

thickened intestinal wall

93
Q

What are the three most common deficiencies seen in pet birds on a mostly/all seed diet?

A

calcium, Vitamin D3, Vitamin A

  • Calcium, especially in egg layers
  • Vitamin D3: no exposure to sunlight
  • Vitamin A: found in some veggies, few fruits
94
Q

When you see bruising in the nails, this is indicative of:

A

liver problems

95
Q

Pet birds have predominantly Gram-________ flora

A

Pet birds have predominantly Gram-positive flora

Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streps, Corynebacterium

96
Q

At what point of the reproductive tract are the first layers of albumin added to the egg?

A

magnum

97
Q

These are an interruption in the growth of a new feather from a stressful event

A

Stress bars

Typically only seen in baby birds. If you see this in an adult bird, it’s a little more concerning

98
Q

What radiographic effect makes it difficult to delineate coelomic structures?

A

coelomic mass effect

In this case, you should use barium to delineate the coelomic structures

99
Q

Hyperkeratosis in the feet of birds is most associated with Vitamin ___ deficiency

A

Vitamin A

100
Q

Sciatic nerve enlargement (shown in the image below) is characteristic for what important disease in poultry?

A

Marek’s Disease

  • Causes lymphoid infiltration of nerve trunks and organs**, enlarged sciatic nerve, lymphoid tumors in various organs
  • Partial paralysis (usually ascending), blindness, visceral tumors, gross enlargement of peripheral nerves (sciatic and brachial) leads to unilateral spastic paralysis and swollen joints.
101
Q

What should you associate with this presentation (perfect feathers everywhere except the head)?

A

over-preening by an overzealous mate

102
Q

What vessel lies just midline under the ventral abdominal musculature in reptiles?

A

ventral abdominal vein

Be careful not to lacerate this during surgery! Do a paramedian approach instead

103
Q

With regard to diet recommendations in the bird, most agree that a __________ diet is preferred

A

pelleted

  • Pellets = processed kibble with additives
  • Some seed is OK, especially in small birds
  • Variety is important in parrots
  • Limit nuts, especially in the shell
104
Q

What is the infective stage of Chlamydophila psittaci?

A

elementary bodies

105
Q

Is this bird domestic or imported?

A

imported

open band = import band

106
Q

Fowl cholera is considered the most economically important disease of turkeys. What is the etiologic agent?

A

Pasteurella multocida

from rats, mice, farm animals, wild birds, etc.

107
Q

Where do we give subcutaneous fluids in birds?

A

folds of the flank above the leg laterally

You don’t want to give them medially in the leg (don’t want to hit the femoral artery)

108
Q

Arizonosis, also known as paracolon infection causes septicemic or localized infection of __________ less than 3 weeks of age

A

turkey poults

109
Q

Where is the epiglottis on this bird?

A

Nowhere. Birds don’t have an epiglottis

110
Q

How many mLs of blood can be safely drawn from a reptile weighing 800 grams?

A

4 mL

0.5 mLs/100g body weight

111
Q

What bird species are predisposed to developing Aspergillus fumigatus infection?

A

African Greys, Macaws, Pionus

112
Q

Which jugular vein is larger?

A

right jugular

113
Q

White muscle disease in poultry is the result of ________ deficiency

A

Vitamin E

114
Q

What enzymes are expected to be elevated after giving injections in a bird?

A

AST, CPK

115
Q

Crocodilians are the only reptile group having ________ dentition, an attachment where teeth are set in sockets

A

thecodont

116
Q

What vessel is present here?

A

medial metatarsal vein

117
Q

How many rows of teeth are found in most nonvenomous snakes?

A

four

Venomous snakes typically have 2 rows

118
Q

T/F: Chlamydophila psittaci is an obligate intracellular organism

A

True

This is important because antibiotics are only effective against this disease when the organism is NOT inside the cell (after cell lysis)

119
Q

What viral agent is responsible for hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) in young turkeys?

A

adenovirus

120
Q

The outpocketing of the esophagus in birds is the:

A

crop

121
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with PDD in birds?

A
  • Chronic weight loss
  • Undigested seed/food in droppings
  • Regurgitation, crop stasis
  • Weak legs, falling
122
Q

A chicken presents with open mouth breathing, head shaking, and gasping. On exam, you note blood-tinged exudates from the mouth and nares. What is your diagnosis?

A

infectious laryngotracheitis

  • Respiratory distress, gasping, head shaking, gurgling
  • Tracheal hemorrhage, blood tinged exudates from mouth and nares
  • Caseous material in airways
  • May resemble wet form of pox
123
Q

What are the three main Orders in the Class Reptilia?

A

Chelonia, Crocodylia, Squamata

  • Chelonia: turtles, tortoises, terrapins
  • Crocodylia: crocodiles and alligators
  • Squamata: snakes and lizards
124
Q

What drug is used to prevent more egg laying in egg-bound birds?

A

Leuprolide (Lupron®)

125
Q

Normal calcium:phosphorous ratio in reptiles is 2:1. If you note an inverse ratio in your reptile patient, this is indicative of:

A

renal disease

126
Q

Newcastle Disease is caused by Paramyxovirus Type 1 in chickens and there are multiple different forms. The mesogenic form can look like mild avian influenza, except chickens with mesogenic newcastle disease will exhibit __________

A

torticollis

a condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side​

127
Q

What is the main predisposing factor for upper respiratory infections in birds?

A

hypovitaminosis A

128
Q

Name the substrates discussed in class that are NOT appropriate for reptile enclosures?

A

cat litter, cedar shavings, quartz sand, small gravel, or corn cob litter

129
Q

What are blood feathers?

A

new feathers with blood supply

  • Need to show owners so they are aware of them
130
Q

In what bird species do we most commonly see papillomatosis?

A

South American Parrots

131
Q

What drug do we typically use for neurogenic pain in birds?

A

gabapentin

132
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus is most commonly seen in birds with what type of diet?

A

seed diets

133
Q

What abnormality is present in this bird?

A

enlarged proventriculus

134
Q

The normal proventriculus in a bird sits at a ____˚ angle to the backbone

A

The normal proventriculus in a bird sits at a 45˚ angle to the backbone

135
Q

Name two viruses of clinical significance to baby birds:

A
  • Avian Polyoma Virus
  • Pacheco’s Disease: Herpesvirus
136
Q

T/F: Aspergillosis is contagious between birds!

A

False

Aspergillosis is NOT contagious between birds!! But, environmental conditions that lead to the disease can be shared by other flock members

137
Q

Skin turgor is used to assess dehydration. What location is used for this assessment in birds?

A

eyelid

138
Q

T/F: This type of tubercle is classically seen in birds with M. avium and M. genovense

A

False

This type of tubercle is classically seen with M. tuberculosis, NOT with M. avium and M. genovense.

139
Q

What is the RBC lifespan in a bird?

A

20-35 days

140
Q

Identify the primary and secondary feathers:

A
141
Q

What medical conditions are associated with poor feathering in birds?

A
  • Nutritional disorders (Vit A deficiency)
  • Endocrine problems (hypothyroidism)
  • Parasites: lice and mites
  • Infections rare (PBFD)
142
Q

This swollen, hemorrhagic bursa was found in a chicken as the result of a birnavirus. What is the name of the disease?

A

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBDV)

143
Q

Describe the normal sounds of the avian diaphragm

A

birds don’t have a diaphragm

  • Air sacs act as bellows
  • Lungs do not inflate or deflate
  • Constant unidirectional flow of oxygen
144
Q

The avian skeleton has several adaptations for flight including fusion of several vertebrae to allow for a rigid frame. The fusion of the last 1 or 2 thoracic vertebrae with the lumbar, sacral, and first caudal vertebrae forms a structure called the:

A

synsacrum

145
Q

Fecal Gram stain. What the heck?

A

Candida pseudohypha

When you see this, you will probably need systemic antifungals

146
Q

What is the most common pain medication used in birds?

A

Butorphanol

147
Q

A client who has recently had his debilitated mother move in following chemotherapy approaches you for advice on what type pet may be good for her. He has been considering an iguana as she has always expressed interest in having one. You discourage him from adopting an iguana for her because:

  • They are aggressive and do not make good pets
  • They are territorial and require at least 3 assistants for cage removal
  • Infants and immuno-compromised individuals are at more of a risk for contracting salmonellosis
  • Iguanas don’t speak spanish, and the client’s mother has been trying to learn
A

Infants and immuno-compromised individuals are at more of a risk for contracting salmonellosis​

148
Q

T/F: Birds have striated muscle in the pupil of the eye

A

True!

They can control the size of the pupil. They have no pupillary light reflex (PLR)

149
Q

What clinical signs do we expect to see in people with psittacosis?

A

flu-like symptoms

Your clients need to let their doctors know that they have a bird! If they are experiencing flu-like symptoms and they ignore them and end up having psittacosis, they could DIE!!

150
Q

How is paramyxovirus transmitted between reptiles?

A

respiratory secretions

151
Q

The cloaca is a common exit for what three systems?

A

reproductive, renal, GI

  • Feces and urine empty into cloaca
  • No urinary bladder
  • Can sex birds by looking up the cloaca if sedated
  • Can check the cloaca to see if a bird is anemia
152
Q

When developing an anti-parasitic treatment plan for a chelonian, which drug should you NEVER consider a therapeutic option?

  • Praziquantel
  • Fenbendazole
  • Pyrantal pamoate
  • Ivermectin
A

Ivermectin

153
Q

Orthomyxovirus Type A is responsible for avian influenza. What strain do we discuss as highly pathogenic and zoonotic?

A

H5N1: highly pathogenic and zoonotic

154
Q

Concerning snake anatomy, which statement is least accurate?

  • Snakes do not have moveable eyelids
  • Snakes do not have an external ear, middle ear cavity, tympanic membrane, eustachian tubes
  • The trachea of snakes has a short branch, the left bronchus, that terminates in a vestigial left lung
  • Snakes do not have a gall bladder
  • The heart of snakes has three chambers
A

Snakes do not have a gall bladder​

155
Q

An adult crocodile presents to your clinic from the nearby zoo. History reveals a diet of frozen fish. Upon physical examination you note muscle twitching, incoordination, and seizure activity. Based on this history and clinical findings you suspect ________ and initiate ________ supplementation.

A

An adult crocodile presents to your clinic from the nearby zoo. History reveals a diet of frozen fish. Upon physical examination you note muscle twitching, incoordination, and seizure activity. Based on this history and clinical findings you suspect thiamine deficiency and initiate Vitamin B1 (thiamine) supplementation.

156
Q

What abnormality is present in this bird?

A

cardiomegaly

Note the loss of the ‘hepatic waist’ in the hourglass silhouette

157
Q

What is present on this Gram stain?

A

yeast

Make sure the bird hasn’t eaten bread in the past 12 hours. If they have, do another Gram stain with no bread given for a few days prior

158
Q

What bacterial species are typically seen with Mycobacteriosis (Avian TB)?

A

M. avium, M. genovense

159
Q

How do you diagnose Mycobacteriosis?

A
  • Biopsy with acid fast stain
  • PCR to type species
  • Culture
  • Blood, fecal, and skin testing don’t work!
160
Q

Reptiles that lay eggs that subsequently hatch outside of the body are described as:

A

oviparous

161
Q

Hemoglobinuria in a bird is pretty much pathognomonic for:

A

lead toxicity

162
Q

What is the preferred injectable anesthetic in reptiles?

A

medetomidine + ketamine

  • Can be given IM or IV
  • Atipamazole for reversing medetomidine (faster recovery)
  • Can cause bradycardia, hypotension, hypercapnia and hypoxemia
163
Q

T/F: Papillomatosis in birds is contagious to birds and people

A

False

Papillomatosis in birds is contagious to birds​ - not people

164
Q

T/F: This diffuse inflammation is classically seen in birds with M. avium and M. genovense

A

True

and when you apply acid fast stain, it will be LOADED with acid fast organisms (shown below). H&E stain will not pick this up

165
Q

What Clostridial species is responsible for ulcerative enteritis in quail?

A

C. colinum

166
Q

If you’re testing a bird for PBFD and get a positive PCR result, why should you repeat the test in 90 days?

A

Some birds will have a transient viremia and if you catch it during that time, they may test negative 3 months later.

If they’re positive 3 months later, they’re more than likely actually positive

167
Q

What are the indications for IV fluid therapy in the bird?

A
  • Severe dehydration
  • Low blood sugar
  • Shock
  • Surgery
168
Q

T/F: Papillomatosis in parrots is caused by avian papillomavirus

A

False

Caused by herpesvirus**, which is just stupid

169
Q

A bird presents with a blood glucose ~110 mg/dL. What is your reaction?

A

This is LOW

Normal BG in a bird is between 180 and 400

170
Q

What color are bird bruises?

A

green

This is because of the biliverdin. So when you see this on a bird, don’t think gangrene… think TRAUMA

171
Q

How do you diagnose cryptosporidiosis in reptiles?

A

acid fast cytology of regurgitated meals or feces

172
Q

While performing a necropsy on a large snake, you note paired, lobed structures in the caudal third of the coelomic cavity. What are these objects?

A

kidneys

173
Q

What should you do in the case of a broken blood feather?

A

remove the feather from the follicle

Otherwise, it will continue to bleed! When you pull out the feather, you may get bleeding from the follicle. DO NOT PUT QUIK STOP OR SILVER NITRATE IN THE FOLLICLE. You can apply pressure and might need to place a stitch (but not typically recommended.

174
Q

Adenovirus is commonly seen in snakes, lizards, and bearded dragons. How would you diagnose adenovirus antemortem? What about post-mortem?

A
  • Antemortem: PCR of feces and cloacal swabs
  • Post-mortem: Basophilic inclusion bodies on histological exam of GI tract and liver
175
Q

What is thought to cause nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in reptiles?

A
  • Limited UVB light
  • Diets high in phosphorous and low in calcium
  • Ca2+ or Vit D deficiency
176
Q

Diagnosis?

A

egg binding

177
Q

T/F: The lungs of the Satanic Nightjar (pictured) are fixed and embedded in the spine

A

True

…because the Satanic Nightjar is a bird. Birds have fixed lungs that are embedded in the spine

178
Q

Which of the following bacteria is considered NORMAL flora of the cloaca of psittacine birds?

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Lactobacillus spp.
A

Lactobacillus spp.

179
Q

Birds and reptiles both _________ when they _________. Nevertheless, _________ is always easy to recognize when _________ is present after 90 days of _________. However, the response to treatment differs because _________ is _________ on every other _________, whereas _________ rarely (if ever) _________s the _________

The _________ way to diagnose _________ is by _________ the _________ every time _________ is _________.

A

just kidding.

RUSVM Special Species (2 decks)

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