Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anesthesia > Special Species > Flashcards

Special Species Flashcards

1
Q

Why is restraint difficult in lab animals

A

They can bite, are fast and agile and are easily stressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a mouse HR, RR, and cardiac index

A

HR - 300-800bpm
RR - 100-200bpm
CI - 600-700 ml/kg/min
*note they have high metabolic rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some common complications in lab animals

A

-drug overdose
-become hypoglycemic and hypothermic
-IV access can be challenging
-they can be difficult to intubate, have narrow airways, and are obligate nasal breathers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do you fast lab animals prior to anesthesia

A

No has they are prone to hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do you need to do to the drugs for lab animals

A

Drugs need to be diluted as they are prone to drug overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are common routes of anesthetic administration

A

Intra-peritoneal, SubQ, inhalation, IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the IV site for mice/rats and rabbits

A

Mice/rats - tail vein
Rabbits - auricular or cephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are drugs commonly used in lab animal anesthesia

A

-Inhalation for induction and maintenance
*Isoflurane or sevoflurane
-Injectable anesthetic (high dose)
*Ketamine +/- alpha 2 or benzodiazepines
* alflaxalone or propofol
-Sedation
*alpha 2 - xylazine, dexmedatomidine
*benzodiazepines- midazolam IM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What anticholenergic do you use in rabbits

A

Glycopyrrolate
Don’t use atropine as they have high amounts of atropinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do general small practices perform endotracheal intubation in lab animals

A

No it is very difficult and needs proper training and special equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some devices you can use to intubate lab animals

A

-otoscope
-1.9 mm rigid fibers cope (with the ET tube threaded over it)
-Supraglottic airway device (V-gel) for rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some maintenance drugs of anesthesia in lab animals

A

-Injectable anesthesia
-Inhalant anesthesia
*sevoflurane or isoflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When lab animals are hooked up to a non-rebreathing system what is something you have to check for

A

-need to ensure you have very little dead space
*use a low dead space ET tube adapter as a adult size airway adapter connected to the capnograph increases dead space (7ml)
*make sure there is not a large amount of ET tube extended beyond the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What analgesia do you give lab animals for severe/moderate/mild pain

A

-Severe: full mu opioid, NSAID
-Moderate: full mu opioids, kappa agonist/ mu antagonist opioid, NSAID
-Mild: NSAID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes monitoring hard in lab animals and what should you monitor

A

Their small size makes it hard to monitor
-Anesthetic depth via reflexes (withdrawal and palpebral) and cardio respiratory
-HR, BP, RR, ETCO2, SPO2
-temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should you provide lab animals while they are recovering

A

-warmth, SQ fluids, Food, analgesics
Continue monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are ectotherms

A

Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, chelonians, amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a feature of ectotherms and what does that mean for our anesthetic approach

A

They are cold-blooded animals whose body temperature is regulated by the environment and behavior
*since body temperature influences metabolic rate anesthetic induction and recovery will be PROLONGED due to the low metabolic rate and temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Since ectotherms can hold their breaths for long periods of time what does that lead to

A

High anaerobic tolerance

20
Q

Who has three chambered hearts, what are they comprised of, and what does that mean happens to the blood

A

-Lizards, chelonians, and snakes
-2 atria and 1 ventricles
-mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle

21
Q

What ectotherms have a 4 chambered heart, and what is a special feature of the heart and what does that mean for anesthetic procedures

A

-Chrocodilians
-have a Foramen of Panizza that communicates the right and left side of the heart which will shunt the blood from right to left bypassing the lungs used for diving
-this causes a delayed induction and recovery from inhalant anesthesia

22
Q

Compared to mammals what is different between the cardiopulmonary system for ectotherms

A

-They have a lower MAP
-Lower oxygen consumption so lower metabolic rates
-No muscular diaphragm so both inspiration and expiration are active processes so they have more profound respiratory depression

23
Q

How many lungs do chelonians/lizards have and how many do snakes have

A

-chelonians/ lizards - 2 paired lungs
-snakes - single functional right lung

24
Q

Where does gas exchange occur for ectotherms

A

Cranial portion of the lung

25
Q

Which ectotherms have tracheal rings that are complete or incomplete. And which ones have the greater risk of tracheal damage when ET tube cuff is inflated

A

-complete tracheal rings - chelonians and crocodilians
*higher risk of tracheal damage
-incomplete tracheal rings - lizards and snakes

26
Q

What anatomical structure do chelonians have that increase their risk of endobronchial intubation instead of endotracheal intubation

A

They have a bifurcated trachea

27
Q

What is special about the renal system of ectotherms and what is the clinical significance of this

A

-they have a DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY to the kidney (renal portal system)
-this means blood from the hind legs and tail will pass through the kidney before going to the heart so it is important to NOT INJECT drugs in those sites (increase nephrotoxicity or have rapid excretion)

28
Q

What are some common vascular access sites for ectotherms

A

Ventral coccygeal vein
Intraosseoues catheterization (can admin fluids and drugs here) (tend to use the distal femur)

29
Q

Where is there another vascular access site for large snake, turtles/tortoises

A

-Palatine vein in a large snake
-subcarapacial sinus or dorsal coccygeal vein in turtles and tortoises

30
Q

Where do you restrain a snake

A

First behind the head and then the rest of the body

31
Q

What is something you need to take into consideration when restraining snakes

A

It’s easier to restrain non-venomous snakes
-venomous snakes need either a hook to pin the head, a container, or a fitted tube

32
Q

What are some considerations of inhalant anesthetics in snakes

A

-gas chamber/ mask has a longer induction time than intubation
- can intubate a nonvenomous snake when it’s awake
-easy to intubate as the glottis is more rostral
-can use sevoflurane or isoflurane

33
Q

What are some injectable anesthetics used for induction in snakes

A

-propofol
-Alfaxalone
-Ketamine + medetomidine + midazolam (long induction and recovery)

34
Q

What drugs can you give snakes to speed up recovery

A

You can give epinephrine or norepinephrine (it increases their metabolism and reverses R-L shunts)

35
Q

What physical feature is something you have to consider about chelonians (tortoise/turtle) when it comes to giving drugs

A

50% of their body mass is compromised of their shell which is not pharmacologically active

36
Q

What are some drugs you can give to chelonians (tortoises/turtles)

A

-Ketamine or medetomidine (long recoveries)
-Alfaxalone
-Propofol (effective induction)
Gas anesthetic (long induction)

37
Q

What is special about frogs and toads skin and what does this allow for us during anesthesia

A

Their skin is semipermeable which allows for oxygen to come through
-it also allows anesthetic drugs to cross so we can give immersions and topicals
-it’s also important to keep the skin moist during anesthesia

38
Q

What are some drugs you can use in frog/toad anesthesia

A

MS-222 (immersion)
ISO/Sevoflurane (topical gel)
-injectables have low safety margins and are unreliable

39
Q

How many chambers comprise a fish heart

A

2 chambers (1 atrium and 1 ventricle)

40
Q

How long do you fast a fish

A

12-24 hours

41
Q

Since fish are contained in a tank what can a build up of nitrogenous waster cause

A

Methemoglobinemia and academia

*kayla knowledge side note - buffers (sodium bicarbonate) tends to get added to the anesthetic tank especially since anesthetics tend to be acidic as well

42
Q

What drugs are commonly added to the water for fish anesthesia

A

***MS-222 (only FDA approved drug with a 21 day withdrawal time)
-benzocaine
-metomidate
-isoeugenol (clove-oil)

43
Q

What drug can you give intraperitoneal or into the water for fish

A

Morphine

44
Q

For fish anesthesia, what is another set up

A

You can intubate the buccal cavity

45
Q

What are some things you can monitor during fish anesthesia

A

Jaw tone
righting reflex (flip them upside down and see if they can flip themselves back up)
ECG
*doppler
-gill movement (RR)

46
Q

How can you recover or lighten anesthetic level for fish

A

Transfer them in a tank of anesthetic-free water
Flush their gills with pure water

*kayla note - use their tank water for anesthetic water and recovery water

Anesthesia (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions