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x2 - Nervous > Special senses anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Special senses anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the outer fibrous layer of the eye

A

Sclera

Cornea

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2
Q

Components of the middle vascular layer of the eye

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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3
Q

Components of the inner sensory layer of the eye

A

Retina

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4
Q

Which structure secretes aqueous humour

A

The ciliary body

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5
Q

Location of the ciliaris

A

In the ciliary body

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6
Q

Innervation of the ciliaris

A

Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve (CrN.III)

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7
Q

Location of the constrictor pupillae

A

pupillary border of the iris (circular)

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8
Q

Innervation of the constrictor pupillae

A

Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve (CrN.III)

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9
Q

Location of dilator pupillae

A

In the iris

running radially, outside of the constrictor

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10
Q

Innervation of the dilator pupillae

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

Innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye

except superior oblique and lateral rectus

A

Oculomotor nerve

including levator palpebrae superioris

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12
Q

Innervation of the superior oblique muscle

A

Trochlear nerve (CrN. IV)

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13
Q

Innervation of the lateral rectus

A

Abducent nerve (Cr.N VI)

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14
Q

Action(s) of the medial rectus

A

adduction

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15
Q

Action(s) of the lateral rectus

A

Abduction

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16
Q

Action(s) of the superior rectus

A

Elevation
Adduction
Intortion

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17
Q

Action(s) of the inferior rectus

A

Depression
Adduction
Extortion

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18
Q

Action(s) of the superior oblique

A

Depression
Abduction
Intortion

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19
Q

Action(s) of the inferior oblique

A

Elevation
Abduction
Extortion

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20
Q

What structures prevent over adduction and over abduction of the eye

A

Medial and lateral check ligaments

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21
Q

What structure holds the eye in place

A

Suspensory ligament of the eye

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22
Q

What foramina do the ophthalmic veins pass through to enter the cavernous sinus

A

Superior orbital fissure

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23
Q

Type of joints between the ossicles

A

synovial

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24
Q

Muscles that dampen movements of the ossicles

A 
Tensor tympani (also dampens movements of the tympanic membrane)
Stapedius
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25
Q

Location of the middle and inner ear

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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26
Q

Fluid within the bony labyrinth is called…

A

Perilymph

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27
Q

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth is called…

A

endolymph

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28
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa

A

Internal acoustic foramen

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29
Q

Terminal group of lymph nodes for the head and neck

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes

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30
Q

Location of the deep cervical chain of lymph nodes

A

within the carotid sheath

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31
Q

Final lymphatic structure for drainage of the head and neck

A

Jugular lymph trunk

one on each side

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32
Q

What does the jugular lymph trunk drain into on the left side

A

the thoracic duct

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33
Q

What does the jugular lymph trunk drain into on the right side

A

The junction of the IJV and the subclavian vein

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34
Q

which 4 bones come together at the pterion

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Parietal
Temporal

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35
Q

Structures passing through the optic canal

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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36
Q

Structures passing through the superior orbital fissure

A

Ophthalmic veins

Cranial nerves: III, IV, V1, VI

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37
Q

Structures passing through foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve (CrN.V2)

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38
Q

Structures passing through foramen ovale

A 
Mandibular nerve (CrN.V3)
Accessory middle meningeal artery
39
Q

Structures passing through foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

40
Q

Structures passing through foramen lacerum

A

NONE

41
Q

Structures passing through the carotid canal

A

ICA

42
Q

Structures passing through the internal acoustic foramen

A 
Facial nerve (CrN.VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CrN.VIII)
43
Q

Structures passing through the jugular foramen

A 
Sigmoid sinus (becoming IJV)
Cranial nerves: IX, X, XI
44
Q

Structures passing through the hypoglossal foramen

A

Hypoglossal arch

45
Q

Structures passing through the foramen magnum

A

Medulla/spinal cord
Vertebral arteries
Spinal part of accessory nerve (CrN. XI)

46
Q

Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres

A

Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

47
Q

What travels in the grooves running laterally from the internal occipital protuberance

A

The transverse sinus

48
Q

Wat travels in the S shaped continuation of the grooves for the transverse sinus

A

The sigmoid sinus

49
Q

The depression in the middle cranial fossa housing the pituitary gland is called…

A

The sella turcia

50
Q

The processes in front and behind the sella turcia and called…

A

The anterior and posterior clinoid processes

51
Q

What do the clinoid processes attach to

A

A fold of dura mater, the tentorium cerebelli

52
Q

What travels in the midline groove on the internal surface of the skull cap

A

The superior sagittal sinus

53
Q

Location of the pterygoid hamulus

A

Hangs off the medial pterygoid plate at the superior, lateral corner

54
Q

Muscles attaching to the medial pterygoid plate

A

superior constrictor of the pharynx

Tensor veli palitini hooks around the pterygoid hamulus

55
Q

Structures that are absent in a foetal skull

A 
Paranasal air sinuses
Mastoid processes
Styloid processes
Alveolar processes
Temporal bone - so tympanic membrane is more external and facial nerve less protected.
56
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle fuse

A

1.5 years

57
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle fuse

A

2-3 months

58
Q

What type of tissue lines the dorsal surface of the tongue

A

stratified, squamous, keratinised epithelium

59
Q

Cells which contract to expel the secretions of exocrine glands are called…

A

Myoepithelial cells

60
Q

Type of secretion of the parotid gland

A

predominantly serous

61
Q

Type of secretion of the submandibular gland

A

mixed, serous and mucous

62
Q

Type of secretion of the sublingual gland

A

mucous

63
Q

Histological layers of the cornea

A 
Epithelium - stratifies, squamous, non-keratinised
Bowman's (basement) membrane
Stroma - regularly arranged collagen
Descemet's layer
Endothelium - single layer
64
Q

Route of drainage of aqueous humor

A

At the angle of the anterior chamber

Through the traebecular meshwork and then schlemm’s canal

65
Q

Structure and function of the choroid

A

Made of fenestrated blood vessels

Supplies the outer layers of the retina with blood

66
Q

Blood supply of the inner layers of the retina

A

Branches of the central retinal artery

67
Q

Layer 9 of the retina

second most inner

A

Nerve fibre layer

68
Q

Layer 2 of the retina

A

Layer of rods and cones

69
Q

Layer 1 (outermost) of the retina

A

Pigment epithelial layer

70
Q

The area of the retina packed with cones to give maximum visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

Other layers are pushed to the side so cones are closer to the surface
darker orange on fundus picture

71
Q

Secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland

A

Parasympathetic from the facial nerve

72
Q

3 layers of tear film

A

Cornea

Mucinous layer
Aqueous layer
Oily layer

Air

73
Q

Main content of the posterior segment of the eye

A

Vitreous humor

A transparent gel that helps cushion the retina

74
Q

Divisions of the anterior segment of the eye

A

Anterior chamber: in front of the iris

Posterior chamber: behind the iris

75
Q

Segments of the eye

A

Anterior segment: in front of the lens

Posterior segment: behind the lens

76
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin vascular membrane that lines the inside of eyelids and loops back over the sclera

77
Q

The hard palate that keeps the shape of the eyelid is called

A

The tarsal plate

78
Q

Oil secretory glands for oil film are called

+ location

A

Meibomian glands

A special kind of sebaceous gland inside the tarsal plate

79
Q

Ducts of the lacrimal gland open into the….

A

Conjunctival sac

80
Q

Tears drain through…

A

Punctae on the medial side of each eyelid into the lacrimal sac

81
Q

Origin and insertion of all ocular recti muscles

A

Tendinous wing
to
Anterior sclera

82
Q

Origin and insertion of levator palpebrae superioris

A

Roof of orbit
to
upper eyelid

83
Q

Sensory innervation of the orbit

A

CrN. V1 and 2

84
Q

The artery that travels within the substance of the optic nerve to supply the inner layers of the retina

A

Central retinal artery

85
Q

Arterial supply of the posterior part of the choroid

A

Short posterior ciliary arteries

86
Q

Arterial supply of the anterior choroid, ciliary body and iris

A

Long posterior ciliary arteries

travel btw the sclera and choroid

87
Q

venous drainage of the eyeball

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

Drain into the cavernous sinuses

88
Q

Contents of the cavernous sinus

A

(Optic nerve lies just above it)

  • Part of ICA
  • CrN. III, IV, V1, VI (all go through superior orbital fissure) - in dura mater in walls of cavernous sinus
89
Q

The outer layer of the optic cup forms…

A

10th layer of the retina

90
Q

The inner layer of the optic cup forms…

A

Inner 9 layers of the retina

91
Q

Epithelium of the lens vesicle forms…

A

Les fibres

they loses their nuclei

92
Q

The surface ectoderm that separates from the lens vesicle forms…

A

Eyelids
conjunctivae
corneal epithelium

93
Q

The mesenchyme surrounding the embryonic eye forms…

A

Choroid, stroma
sclera
extraocular muscles

x2 - Nervous (3 decks)

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