Special senses anatomy and physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Components of the outer fibrous layer of the eye
A
Sclera
Cornea
2
Q
Components of the middle vascular layer of the eye
A
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
3
Q
Components of the inner sensory layer of the eye
A
Retina
4
Q
Which structure secretes aqueous humour
A
The ciliary body
5
Q
Location of the ciliaris
A
In the ciliary body
6
Q
Innervation of the ciliaris
A
Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve (CrN.III)
7
Q
Location of the constrictor pupillae
A
pupillary border of the iris (circular)
8
Q
Innervation of the constrictor pupillae
A
Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve (CrN.III)
9
Q
Location of dilator pupillae
A
In the iris
running radially, outside of the constrictor
10
Q
Innervation of the dilator pupillae
A
Sympathetic
11
Q
Innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye
except superior oblique and lateral rectus
A
Oculomotor nerve
including levator palpebrae superioris
12
Q
Innervation of the superior oblique muscle
A
Trochlear nerve (CrN. IV)
13
Q
Innervation of the lateral rectus
A
Abducent nerve (Cr.N VI)
14
Q
Action(s) of the medial rectus
A
adduction
15
Q
Action(s) of the lateral rectus
A
Abduction
16
Q
Action(s) of the superior rectus
A
Elevation
Adduction
Intortion
17
Q
Action(s) of the inferior rectus
A
Depression
Adduction
Extortion
18
Q
Action(s) of the superior oblique
A
Depression
Abduction
Intortion
19
Q
Action(s) of the inferior oblique
A
Elevation
Abduction
Extortion
20
Q
What structures prevent over adduction and over abduction of the eye
A
Medial and lateral check ligaments
21
Q
What structure holds the eye in place
A
Suspensory ligament of the eye
22
Q
What foramina do the ophthalmic veins pass through to enter the cavernous sinus
A
Superior orbital fissure
23
Q
Type of joints between the ossicles
A
synovial
24
Q
Muscles that dampen movements of the ossicles
A
Tensor tympani (also dampens movements of the tympanic membrane) Stapedius
25
Location of the middle and inner ear
Within the petrous part of the temporal bone
26
Fluid within the bony labyrinth is called...
Perilymph
27
Fluid within the membranous labyrinth is called...
endolymph
28
Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa
Internal acoustic foramen
29
Terminal group of lymph nodes for the head and neck
Deep cervical lymph nodes
30
Location of the deep cervical chain of lymph nodes
within the carotid sheath
31
Final lymphatic structure for drainage of the head and neck
Jugular lymph trunk
| one on each side
32
What does the jugular lymph trunk drain into on the left side
the thoracic duct
33
What does the jugular lymph trunk drain into on the right side
The junction of the IJV and the subclavian vein
34
which 4 bones come together at the pterion
Frontal
Sphenoid
Parietal
Temporal
35
Structures passing through the optic canal
Optic nerve
| Ophthalmic artery
36
Structures passing through the superior orbital fissure
Ophthalmic veins
Cranial nerves: III, IV, V1, VI
37
Structures passing through foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (CrN.V2)
38
Structures passing through foramen ovale
```
Mandibular nerve (CrN.V3)
Accessory middle meningeal artery
```
39
Structures passing through foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
40
Structures passing through foramen lacerum
NONE
41
Structures passing through the carotid canal
ICA
42
Structures passing through the internal acoustic foramen
```
Facial nerve (CrN.VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CrN.VIII)
```
43
Structures passing through the jugular foramen
```
Sigmoid sinus (becoming IJV)
Cranial nerves: IX, X, XI
```
44
Structures passing through the hypoglossal foramen
Hypoglossal arch
45
Structures passing through the foramen magnum
Medulla/spinal cord
Vertebral arteries
Spinal part of accessory nerve (CrN. XI)
46
Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres
Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
47
What travels in the grooves running laterally from the internal occipital protuberance
The transverse sinus
48
Wat travels in the S shaped continuation of the grooves for the transverse sinus
The sigmoid sinus
49
The depression in the middle cranial fossa housing the pituitary gland is called...
The sella turcia
50
The processes in front and behind the sella turcia and called...
The anterior and posterior clinoid processes
51
What do the clinoid processes attach to
A fold of dura mater, the tentorium cerebelli
52
What travels in the midline groove on the internal surface of the skull cap
The superior sagittal sinus
53
Location of the pterygoid hamulus
Hangs off the medial pterygoid plate at the superior, lateral corner
54
Muscles attaching to the medial pterygoid plate
superior constrictor of the pharynx
| Tensor veli palitini hooks around the pterygoid hamulus
55
Structures that are absent in a foetal skull
```
Paranasal air sinuses
Mastoid processes
Styloid processes
Alveolar processes
Temporal bone - so tympanic membrane is more external and facial nerve less protected.
```
56
At what age does the anterior fontanelle fuse
1.5 years
57
At what age does the posterior fontanelle fuse
2-3 months
58
What type of tissue lines the dorsal surface of the tongue
stratified, squamous, keratinised epithelium
59
Cells which contract to expel the secretions of exocrine glands are called...
Myoepithelial cells
60
Type of secretion of the parotid gland
predominantly serous
61
Type of secretion of the submandibular gland
mixed, serous and mucous
62
Type of secretion of the sublingual gland
mucous
63
Histological layers of the cornea
```
Epithelium - stratifies, squamous, non-keratinised
Bowman's (basement) membrane
Stroma - regularly arranged collagen
Descemet's layer
Endothelium - single layer
```
64
Route of drainage of aqueous humor
At the angle of the anterior chamber
| Through the traebecular meshwork and then schlemm's canal
65
Structure and function of the choroid
Made of fenestrated blood vessels
Supplies the outer layers of the retina with blood
66
Blood supply of the inner layers of the retina
Branches of the central retinal artery
67
Layer 9 of the retina
| second most inner
Nerve fibre layer
68
Layer 2 of the retina
Layer of rods and cones
69
Layer 1 (outermost) of the retina
Pigment epithelial layer
70
The area of the retina packed with cones to give maximum visual acuity
Fovea centralis
| Other layers are pushed to the side so cones are closer to the surface
darker orange on fundus picture
71
Secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland
Parasympathetic from the facial nerve
72
3 layers of tear film
Cornea
Mucinous layer
Aqueous layer
Oily layer
Air
73
Main content of the posterior segment of the eye
Vitreous humor
A transparent gel that helps cushion the retina
74
Divisions of the anterior segment of the eye
Anterior chamber: in front of the iris
| Posterior chamber: behind the iris
75
Segments of the eye
Anterior segment: in front of the lens
| Posterior segment: behind the lens
76
Conjunctiva
Thin vascular membrane that lines the inside of eyelids and loops back over the sclera
77
The hard palate that keeps the shape of the eyelid is called
The tarsal plate
78
Oil secretory glands for oil film are called
+ location
Meibomian glands
A special kind of sebaceous gland inside the tarsal plate
79
Ducts of the lacrimal gland open into the....
Conjunctival sac
80
Tears drain through...
Punctae on the medial side of each eyelid into the lacrimal sac
81
Origin and insertion of all ocular recti muscles
Tendinous wing
to
Anterior sclera
82
Origin and insertion of levator palpebrae superioris
Roof of orbit
to
upper eyelid
83
Sensory innervation of the orbit
CrN. V1 and 2
84
The artery that travels within the substance of the optic nerve to supply the inner layers of the retina
Central retinal artery
85
Arterial supply of the posterior part of the choroid
Short posterior ciliary arteries
86
Arterial supply of the anterior choroid, ciliary body and iris
Long posterior ciliary arteries
| travel btw the sclera and choroid
87
venous drainage of the eyeball
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
| Drain into the cavernous sinuses
88
Contents of the cavernous sinus
(Optic nerve lies just above it)
- Part of ICA
- CrN. III, IV, V1, VI (all go through superior orbital fissure) - in dura mater in walls of cavernous sinus
89
The outer layer of the optic cup forms...
10th layer of the retina
90
The inner layer of the optic cup forms...
Inner 9 layers of the retina
91
Epithelium of the lens vesicle forms...
Les fibres
| they loses their nuclei
92
The surface ectoderm that separates from the lens vesicle forms...
Eyelids
conjunctivae
corneal epithelium
93
The mesenchyme surrounding the embryonic eye forms...
Choroid, stroma
sclera
extraocular muscles
