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special senses anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the olfactory nerve? (I)

A

smell

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2
Q

what is the vestibulocochlear nerve? (vIII)

A

hearing and balance

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2
Q

what is the optic nerve? (II)

A

vision

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3
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve? (IX)

A

swallowing and taste

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4
Q

what are the special senses nerves?

A

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
facial (vII)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)

1,2,7,8,9

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5
Q

what are the 5 senses?

A

vision, taste, hearing balance and smell

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6
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the darkened hole at the middle of the iris.

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7
Q

what is the sclera of the eye?

A

whites covered by the bulbar conjunctiva. fibrous and elastic tissue, the outer layer of the eye. allows for the contrast of the eye to determine where a person is looking

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8
Q

what is the iris?

A

smooth muscle structure which controls the diameter of the pupil via 2 muscles.

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9
Q

what are the 2 muscles involved in the dilating and constricting of the pupil?

A

sphincter pupilae and dilator pupilae

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10
Q

what is the cornea?

A

avascular, most common structure for use in transplant for this reason, less likely to reject the tissue donated from someone else as It does not have its own blood supply.

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11
Q

how can the optic nerve be seen?

A

when using ophthalmoscope and performing fundoscopy. it appears as a solid white structure roughly in the middle of the retina. it is surrounded by the meningeal layers of the brain.

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12
Q

why does intercranial pressure impact vision?

A

the pressure will be transmitted along the nerve and causes bulging of the optic disc. this is called papillodema

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

fibrous, vascular, inner

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14
Q

what are the eyes made up of?

A

water and electrolytes

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15
Q

where is aqueous humour produced?

A

from cilary bodies in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyes. this fluid circulates from anterior to posterior.

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16
Q

what is the function of aqueous humour?

A

maintains pressure inside the eye, provides nutrients that go to the eye and protects the eye.

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17
Q

what is the vitreous chamber?

A

contains vitreous humour

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18
Q

what Is vitreous humour?

A

a gel which occupies the space between the lense anteriorly and the retina posteriorly. it mainly contains phagocytes to remove cell debris and is mainly water with no vessels

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19
Q

where is the retina?

A

at the back of the eyeball

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20
Q

what is the retina?

A

the light sensitive layer of tissue of the eye and where the rods and cones for black white and colour vision.

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21
Q

where does the optic nerve take the impulses?

A

posteriorly towards the optic chiasm, radiation and then on to the occipital lobe.

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22
Q

where does tear production occur?

A

in the lacrinal gland

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22
Q

what is the function of tears?

A

-lubricates movement
-removes debris
-is washed across the eye from lateral to medial
-drains into the nose

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23
Q

where are the sinuses located?

A

orbital, nasal and oral cavities

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24
Q

what are 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary - under eyes
frontal - forehead
ethmoid and splenic - both posteriorly to nose

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25
Q

what controls the movement of the eyes?

A

cranial nerves III, IV and VI

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26
Q

How Many extraocular eye muscles do we have?

A

7

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27
Q

what are extra ocular eye muscles?

A

responsible for the movement of the eye (race and obliques) and keeping the upper eyelid open (elevator papebrae superiors)

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28
Q

function of the superior rectus?

A

elevation of the eyeball (also adduction of eyeball and medial rotation)

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29
Q

function of the inferior rectus?

A

depression of the eyeball (adduction and lateral rotation)

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30
Q

function of the medial recuts?

A

adducts the eyeball

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31
Q

function of the lateral rectus?

A

abducts the eyeball

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32
Q

function of the superior oblique?

A

depression of eyeball, abduction and medial rotation. supplied by trochlear nerve

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33
Q

function of the inferior oblique?

A

elevation, abduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball.

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34
Q

how do we remember which cranial nerves supply the extra ocular nerves?

A

LR6SO4
everything else supplied by the occulomotor nerve

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35
Q

what makes the nose specialised for its function?

A

-rich, superficial blood supply
-mucous provides moisture
-mucous and hairs trap particles

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36
Q

what must happen to incoming air?

A

-warmed
-humidified
-filtred

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37
Q

what is olfraction?

A

smelling

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38
Q

what is the purpose of the olfactory nerve?

A

converts chemical information into electrical information that the brain is able to understand.
acts as a defence mechanism eg dangerous smells

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39
Q

where is the olfactory nerve located?

A

superior surface of the nasal cavity

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40
Q

what is the purpose of the cochnea? (turbinates)

A

increase surface area
increase chance of olfactory exposure

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41
Q

what is the mandible?

A

the jaw bone

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41
Q

what is the tongue?

A

unusual muscle, boneless and is comprised of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
responsible for the movement of food for chewing, swallowing, speech and also taste.

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42
Q

what are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A

oral part - anteriorly
pharyngeal part - towards the back

43
Q

what is the sublingual gland?

A

mucous secreting salivary gland

44
Q

what is the buccal surface?

A

side of the mouth where the surface is towards the cheeks as a surface of the teeth. (inside)

45
Q

what is the lingual surface?

A

surface that faces the tongue as a surface of the teeth.

46
Q

what forms the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid muscle and the overlying stratified squamous epithelium. it is a U shaped structure which the tongue sits in

47
Q

what are the foliate papillae?

A

leaf like and vertical ridges on the side of the tongue

47
Q

what are the fungiform papillae?

A

mushroom like on the front 2/3 of the tongue

48
Q

what are the filiiform papillae?

A

threadlike and serve as a coating mechanism which create a rough and abrasive texture which helps in speaking, chewing and cleaning the oral cavity

49
Q

what are the valiate papillae?

A

only about a dozen and contain minor salivary glands and some taste buds.

50
Q

what are the foreman caecum?

A

primitive tract where the thyroglossal duct was and represents where the thyroid gland was in embryological development

51
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage which helps close over the trachea during swallowing

52
Q

what is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

carries sensory information from the front two thirds of the tongue and several other areas including the lower third of the face. the lingual nerve specifically is the nerve which carries those sensory fibres from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue .

52
Q

what is the chorda tympani?

A

branch of the facial nerves which carry taste fibres From the front two thirds of the tongue and runs through the middle ear. it joins the lingual nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

53
Q

what 2 types of sensation can be felt from the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

general (lingual nerve) and taste sensation (chorda tympani)

54
Q

what are the 3 components of the ear?

A

-external
-middle
-inner

55
Q

what happens in the external ear?

A

-sound waves come in
-acts as a funnel and helps focus all the sound

56
Q

what is the function of the inner ear?

A

responsible for hearing
semicircular canal - balance

57
Q

where are the malleus, incus and stapes located?

A

in the temporal bone, these are the ossicles

58
Q

what is the internal auditory meatus?

A

small hole located within the temporal bone, where the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve

59
Q

what are the roles of the ear ossicles?

A

transmit vibrations though middle ear, responsible for transmission of sound (eg hearing)
3 bones
malleus - attached to tympanic membrane (ear drum)
incus - anvil
stapes - stirrup

59
Q

what is the rocky part of the temporal bone?

A

petrous temporal bone

60
Q

what makes up the tympanic cavity?

A

lateral wall - tympanic membrane (ear drum)
medial wall - vestibular window (oval window) opening into the vestibule of inner ear, closed by base of stapes
cochlear window (round window. opening into the cochlear portion of inner ear

61
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

responsible for sound amplification
-conversion from vibration to electrical signal
-signaal transmitted via cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
semicircular canals help with balance and vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve

62
Q

what are photo receptors?

A

detect light waves eg eye

63
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

detect sound waves and pressure on the skin and inner ears

64
Q

what is gustation?

A

taste

65
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

detect the molecules in our food and the air around us

66
Q

what makes up the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

cornea, sclera
form the dense fibrous layer of the eye
they are continuous with each other and give the eyeball shape and structure

67
Q

where is the attachment site for extraoccular muscles?

A

sclera

68
Q

what are the 3 components of the vascular layer of the eye?

A

ciliary body
choroid
iris

69
Q

what is keratoconcus?

A

thinning of cornea resulting in coning shape - can cause blurring and double vision

70
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

takes tears from lacrimal gland to nasal cavity - specifically to the opening under the inferior nasal meatus

71
Q

which sinuses are under the eye?

A

maxillary

72
Q

which sinuses are posterior to the nose?

A

ethmoid and sphenoid

73
Q

which muscles must correct the eyeball to look straight ahead?

A

extra-ocular muscles

74
Q

which cranial nerves control orbits of the eyes?

A

occulomotor
trochlear
abducens
3,4,6

75
Q

what is the eardrum (tympanic membrane)?

A

tympanic membrane - the first point of contact with sound waves, it shakes the 3 bones of the middle ear

76
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

balance

77
Q

how many pairs of semicircular canals do we have?

A

3

78
Q

what are the Eustachian tubes?

A

they maintain pressure within the inner ear,
tube from the ear to the nasal sinus cavity

79
Q

what structure links the middle ear with the pharynx

A

eustachian tubes

80
Q

what is the function of the auricle? (pinna)

A

captures and directs sound waves towards the external acoustic meatus

81
Q

what is the only part of the auricle not supported by cartilage?

A

lobule

82
Q

what is the concha?

A

hollow depression in the middle of the auricle

83
Q

what is the walls of the external 1/3 of the external acoustic meatus?

A

cartilage

84
Q

what are the inner 2/3 of the external acoustic meatus formed by?

A

temoral bone

85
Q

where does the tympanic membrane lie?

A

distal end of the external acoustic meatus

86
Q

what is the blood supply like to the external ear?

A

external carotid artery
-posterior auricular artery
-superficial temporal artery
-occipital artery
-maxillary artery

87
Q

what bone is the tympanic membrane connected to?

A

temporal bone

88
Q

where does the middle ear lie?

A

within the temporal bone and extends from the tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear.

89
Q

what is the role of the tympanic cacvity?

A

amplify sound waves so they’re stronger when they reach the middle ear. does this using the ossicles

90
Q

what is the superior oval window?

A

where they set the fluid in the inner ear into motion

91
Q

what are the two sections of the labyrinth?

A

bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

92
Q

what are the 3 main chambers of the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

93
Q

what is the basilar membrane?

A

a stiff band of tissue that runs between the Scala media and Scala tympani

94
Q

what are the fibres at the base of the cochlea like?

A

short and stiff

95
Q

what are the fibres at the end of the cochlea like?

A

longer and looser

96
Q

what do the short fibres resonate with?

A

high frequency pressure

97
Q

what do the longer fibres resonate with?

A

low frequency waves

98
Q

what makes up the membranous labyrinth?

A

cochlear duct, semi circular ducts, utricle and the saccule.

99
Q

what does the bony labyrinth consist of?

A

cochlea, vestibule, three semi-circular canals

100
Q

what are the epithelial cells of hearing called?

A

the organ of corti. located in the basilar membrane

101
Q

Which structure is responsible for endolymph production?

A

Stria vascularis

102
Q

which interleukin would reset the hypothalamic thermostat after infection?

A

interleukin 1

103
Q

why do NSAIDs cause gastric irritation?

A

prostaglandins have an active role in the protection of the gastric mucosa

104
Q

which structure is involved in determining pitch?

A

basilar membrane

105
Q

what pathway do NSAIDs affect?

A

production of prostaglandins and thormoboxanes

106
Q

which part of the eye regulates the amount of light detected by the photoreceptor cells?

A

iris

special senses (4 decks)

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