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special senses > physiology of taste and smell? > Flashcards

physiology of taste and smell? Flashcards

1
Q

which 3 bones is the tongue suspended from?

A

mandible, hyoid and silos

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2
Q

which 3 muscles does the tongue extend from?

A

genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus

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3
Q

how much of the tongue is visible?

A

anterior 2/3

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4
Q

where are the tastebuds located?

A

on the fungiform papillae

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5
Q

roughly how Many taste buds do we have?

A

2000-8000

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6
Q

what are the five primary tastes?

A

sour
salty
sweet
bitter
savoury

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7
Q

what chemicals are sour?

A

acid
H+

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8
Q

what chemicals are salty?

A

Na+

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9
Q

what chemicals are sweet?

A

glucose

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10
Q

what are bitter?

A

coffe
beer
quinine
blue cheese
olives

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11
Q

what are savoury?

A

glutamate

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12
Q

what is the pathway of taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

lingual nerve (trigenminal V)
then to chorda tympani (facial VII)

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13
Q

what is the most sensitive taste bud?

A

bitterness for protective properties

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14
Q

what nerve controls taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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15
Q

where do the glossopharyngeal and facial nerve take the taste messages?

A

up to the brain stem and the taste fibre synapse in the nucleus of the solitary tract which lies in the medulla

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16
Q

what happens if you damage the chorda tympani?

A

unilateral - minimal symptoms
bilateral - unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth

17
Q

how long is the horizontal structure of the nose?

A

7cm

18
Q

what is quiet breathing?

A

low resistance laminar airflow over the inferior turbinate

19
Q

what happens when you sniff something?

A

turbulence to mix the air and send odorant’s to the roof of the nose

20
Q

where do the olfactory mucosa sit?

A

just below the cribriform plate, olfactory bulbs sit just above

21
Q

how many olfactory receptors are active in mammals?

A

400

21
Q

what happens to odorant molecules in the air?

A

dissolve in nasal mucus
detected by rhodopsin like detectors on dendrites of olfactory cells

22
Q

how many different smells can be recognised?

A

range from 10,000 to more than a trillion

23
Q

what does the detection threshold depend on?

A

-solubility
-pH
-number of receptors
generally parts per billions

24
Q

what is the only sensory modality that dosent relay to the thalamus?

A

smell

25
Q

what is the pathway for smell?

A

goes straight to the limbic system - emotion and memory

26
Q

where does the olfactory nerve project to?

A

-amygdala
-hippocampus
-parahippocampal gyrus

27
Q

what may cause a loss in smell?

A

-rhinosinusitis
-neurological disorders (alzheimers, parkinsons, MS)
-base of skull fracture
-brain tumour
-COVID-19

special senses (4 decks)

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