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1016MSC anatomy & physiology > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

ears, eyes, nose and tongue

1
Q

describe 2 functions of the tympanic membrane

A
  1. vibrates in response to sound to transfer sound energy to ossicles
  2. barrier between outer and middle ears.
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2
Q

what are the 3 sections of the ear

A
  1. outer ear - hearing
    2 middle ear - hearing
  2. inner ear - hearing and equilibrium
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3
Q

what tissue is the auricle composed of what is it’s function

A

elastic cartilage - direct sound waves into external acoustic meatus

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4
Q

what is the function of the external acoustic meatus? which glands assist in this function?

A 
protect middle ear and direct sound waves to the middle ear.
ceruminous glands (protection) - secrete ear wax (cerumen) to trap foreign bodies
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5
Q

what are the Saccule and Utricle?

A

membranous labyrinth sacs (in perilymph) house equilibrium receptor regions Saccule into cochlea, Utricle into cemicircular canal

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6
Q

what do maculae do and what stimuli do they respond to

A

epithelial tissues with receptors for response to gravity and head position

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7
Q

which stimuli do the receptors in the crista amullaris respond to

A

rotational (anglular ) movement of the head

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8
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect (specific)

A

substance dissolved in saliva

substance dissolved in nasal membrane fluids

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9
Q

what is gustation?

what is olfaction?

A

chemical senses of taste and smell

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10
Q 
which substances are dissolved for the sense of: 
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
umami
A 
sweet - sugars, alcohol, some amino acids
salty - metal ions
sour - acids (H+)
bitter - alkaloids, quinine and nicotine
umami - amino acid glutamate
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11
Q

what predominantly forms taste?

A

80% smell. - stuffy nose can dampen taste

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12
Q

where is the filiform papillae and what does it do?

A

posterior lateral sides of the tongue: provides friction that helps the tongue move objects around in the mouth but do not contain taste buds

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13
Q

where is the fungiform papillae and what does it do?

A

anterior, medial part of the tongue. contain about five tastebuds each

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14
Q

where is the circumvallate papillae and what does it do?

A

posterir medial section of the tongue. - relatively large and are surrounded by deep epithelial folds each contains as many as ten tastebuds.

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15
Q

describe the gustatory pathway and which cranial nerves are involved.

A

cranial nerves:
facial (VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue.
glossopharyngeal (IX) =posterior 1/3 and pharynx
vagus (X) - epiglottis and lower pharynx
synapse in medulla causes increased saliva production and increased gastric secretions.
impulses head toward gustatory cortex in insula.
also travel to hypothalamus and limbic system (emotion)
food addiction, love food, dood as coping mechanism.

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
    a) Bitter - Nicotine
    b) Sour - Hydrogen Ions
    c) Umami - Glutamate
    d) Bitter - Alcohol
A

d) Bitter - Alcohol

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17
Q
  1. Which of the following cranial nerves are not responsible for taste?
    a) IX Glossopharyngeal
    b) V Trigeminal
    c) X Vagus
    d) VII Facial
A

b) V Trigeminal

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18
Q
  1. Endolymph is present in which of the following?
    a) Scala Vestibuli
    b) Scala Media
    c) Scala Corti
    d) Scala Tympani
A

b) Scala Media

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about hair cells and frequency is correctly matched
    a) High frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear
    b) High frequency sounds are detected by distant hair cells
    c) Low frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear
    d) Low frequency sounds are not detected by distant hair cells
A

a) High frequency sounds are detected by hair cells closer to the middle ear

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following will lead to conduction deafness?
    a) Loud noise
    b) Ageing
    c) Perforated ear drum
    d) Ototoxic drugs
A

c) Perforated ear drum

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21
Q
  1. Distinguish the correct functional types of equilibrium receptors and the type of equilibrium they’re responsible for
    a) Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium
    b) Semicircular canal receptors monitor static equilibrium
    c) Maculae receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium
    d) Crista ampullaris receptors monitor static equilibrium
A

a) Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium

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22
Q
  1. Which statement about tears is incorrect?
    a) Enter the eye through superolateral excretory ducts
    b) Exit the eye medially through the lacrimal punctum
    c) Drain via the nasolacrimal duct
    d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes
  2. Which statement about tears is incorrect?
    a) Enter the eye through superolateral excretory ducts
    b) Exit the eye medially through the lacrimal punctum
    c) Drain via the nasolacrimal duct
    d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes
A

d) Contain bile, antibodies and lysozymes

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23
Q
  1. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the abducens nerve?
    a) Inferior Rectus
    b) Superior Oblique
    c) Inferior Oblique
    d) Lateral Rectus
A

d) Lateral Rectus

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24
Q
  1. Which of the following is not required for close vision?
    a) Accommodation
    b) Constriction
    c) Dilation
    d) Convergence
A

c) Dilation

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25
Q
  1. Which of the following is the correct vision problem and fix?
    a) Myopic eye - Convex lens
    b) Hyperopic eye - Concave lens
    c) Hyperopic eye - Convex lens
    d) Emmetropic vision - No lens
A

c) Hyperopic eye - Convex lens

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26
Q
  1. Which statement about cones is incorrect?
    There are 3 million cones
    They require bright light to bring to threshold
    One cone synapses with multiple ganglion
    The fovea centralis contains only cones
A

One cone synapses with multiple ganglion

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27
Q 
12. Which statement about rods is incorrect?
They absorb all wavelengths
They produce grey tones only
The macula lutea contains mostly rods
They are required for peripheral vision
A

The macula lutea contains mostly rods

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28
Q 
13. What cartilage does the auricle (pinna) contain?
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
All of the above
A

Elastic cartilage

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29
Q
  1. Which of the following is a requirement for a substance to be smelt?
    The substance is volatile
    The substance is dissolved in mucous coating the olfactory epithelium
    The substance binds to receptors on the olfactory cilia
    All of the above
A

All of the above

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30
Q
  1. Which of the following is not an associated structure of the vascular layer of the eye?
    a) Iris
    b) Choroid Region
    c) Lens
    d) Ciliary body
A

c) Lens

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31
Q
  1. Which of the following structures contain perilymph?
    a) Saccule
    b) Utricle
    c) Scala media
    d) Scala vestibuli
A

d) Scala vestibuli

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32
Q
  1. What are the three modes of input for balance and orientation?
    Vestibular receptors, cochlear receptors, somatic receptors
    Vestibular receptors, visual receptors, somatic receptors
    Vestibular receptors, chemoreceptors, cochlear receptors
    None of the above
A

Vestibular receptors, visual receptors, somatic receptors

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33
Q

Q14. Define accomodation, convergence and constriction. When are all three used?

A

accommodation: changing the lens shape by ciliary muscles to increase refractory power
convergence: medial eye movement essential for fine vision
constriction: sphincter pupillae muscle constricts to regulate light entering the eye.

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34
Q

Q13. What are cataracts?

A

caused by UV light. protein in the lens clumps together creating cloudy vision

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35
Q

Q12. Critical thinking : If there was damage to nerve tracts in the left cerebral hemisphere what visual fields would be affected? (use terms like left lateral, left medial, right lateral, right medial

A

right medial and left lateral would be damaged.

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36
Q

Q11. Draw a flow chart describing the path of light through the eye giving the correct names of structures

A

cornea, aqueous humor, iris, pupil, lens, posterior segment (vitreous humor), optic disk, optic nerve

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37
Q

Q10. What shape lenses would correct myopia?

A

concave lens

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38
Q

Q9. Compare and contrast phototransduction in light and dark

A

when struck by light, rhodopsin breaks down. light converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal allowing transduction of light by releasing opsin bleaches pigment. Dark phase: 11 cis retinal is regenerated via an ATP dependent enzyme from All trans retinal or vit A recombines with opsin to form rhodopsin. regeneration rods: slow 5 mins. cones fast 90 sec

39
Q

Q8. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones.

A

rods: respond to dim light, very sensitive, peripheral vision, sees black and white. located in peripheral area many attached to one ganglion.
cones: respond to bright light, high acuity colour vision, posterior pole of the eye lateral to the blind spot.
macula lutea: contains mostly cones.
fovea centralis: contains only cones.

40
Q

Q6. Connective tissue plates that support the palpibrae _____________

A

tarsal plates

41
Q

Q5. Associated with the medial canthus and contains sebaceous and sweat glands_____________________

A

lacrimal sac

42
Q
  1. The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids ____________
A

conjunctiva

43
Q

Q3. Photo-receptors are located here

aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
A

retina

44
Q

Area of greatest visual acuity

aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
A

fovea centralis

45
Q

. Muscle that relaxes in distance vision

aqueous humour
lens
fovea centralis
ciliary muscle
retina
A

ciliary muscle

46
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally

47
Q

medial rectus

A

moves eye medially

48
Q

superior rectus

A

elevates eye and turns it medially

49
Q

inferior rectus

A

depresses eye and turns it medially

50
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevates eye and turns laterally

51
Q

superior oblique

A

depresses eye and turns laterally

52
Q

what are optic radiations?

A

optic radiations travel from the thalamus to the visual cortex.

53
Q 
Separates external auditory canal from the middle ear
Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullari
A

Tympanic membrane

54
Q

Q3. Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullaris
A

Pharyngotympanic tube

55
Q

Contains the saccule and utricle

Vestibule
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube
Otoliths
Crista ampullaris
A

Vestibule

56
Q

. This kind of deafness can result from fusing of auditory ossicles ______________

A

conductive hearing loss
sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells. infection, aging, loud noise drugs.

57
Q

Where in the cerebral cortex is sound generally perceived?

A

superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe.

58
Q

. Which type(s) of receptors co-ordinate balance and equilibrium?

A

semicircular canals, ampula and cristae ampulares

59
Q

Give an overview of the structure and function of the vestibular apparatus; include the role of the maculae and crista ampullaris

A

crista ampullaris senses acceleration and deceleration
maculae contains the crista ampularis. vestibular aparatus: semicircular ducts in semicircular canals anterior, posterior and lateral. saccule and utricle gravity. . static equilibrium: head in space.

60
Q

What structure contains the receptors for hearing; and which nerve carries the information to the brain?

A

cochlear houses hearing receptors, cochlear nerve transmits information to the brain.

61
Q

. What is the functional role of the auditory ossicles? How does their structure help them achieve their function?

A

he purpose of the auditory ossicles (also called the ossicular chain) is to transmit sound via a chain reaction of vibrations that connects the eardrum to the inner ear and cochlea. ..

62
Q

. How does the function of the semicircular ducts/canals differ from the function of the saccule and utricle?

A

The utricle and the saccule are parts of the balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. semicircular ducts in semicircular canals anterior, posterior and lateral detect movement.

63
Q

which cranial nerves are linked with the gustatory pathway

A

facial nerve 7
glossopharyngeal nerve 9
vagus nerve 10

64
Q

impulses in the gustatory pathway travel to the thalamus and the fibres branch to the ———–

A

gustatory cortex (taste), hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste)

65
Q

fibrous layer of the eye contains the—–

A

cornea

66
Q

which extrinsic muscle of the eye is controlled via cranial nerve IV

A

superior oblique

67
Q

tears drain directly from the —— into the nasolacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac

68
Q

blood vessels of the eye are found in the middle of the —–

A

choroid

69
Q

the areal where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the ——–

A

optic disc

70
Q 
which statement is incorrect: 
cones have low sensitivity
rods have low acuity 
cones occur mostly in the central retina
there are 20 cones for every rod
A

there are 20 cones for every rod

71
Q

presbyopia

A

inability of the lens to accomodate

72
Q

the bony labyrinth forms the boundary wall for ——

A

perilymph

73
Q

the spiral organ (organ of corti) is found in the ——–

A

cochlea

74
Q

the stapes connects with the internal ear via the ——-

A

oval window

75
Q

the scala tympani extends from the apex of the cochlea to the ———-

A

round window

76
Q

sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear by the

A

ossicles

77
Q

vibrations of the cochlear duct cause the cilia of the hair cells to bend against which membrane

A

tectorial

78
Q

the maculae of the ear ——–

A

contain hair cells

79
Q

vestibular nystagmus occurs when which receptors are stimulated?

A

cristae amullares

80
Q

otoliths activate which receptors

A

maculae

81
Q 
11. Trace a photon of light from external environment to the photoreceptors. From the lists
below choose the correct order of structures through which the light must travel
1. pupil
2. lens
3. aqueous humor
4. vitreous humor
5. ganglion cell layer
6. cornea
a) 1,6,2,3,4,5
b) 6,1,2,3,4,5
c) 6,2,1,4,3,5
d) 6,3, 1,2,4,5
A

d) 6,3, 1,2,4,5

82
Q
  1. The vascular layer of the eyeball includes:
    a) Sclera and cornea
    b) Retina and optic disc
    c) Choroid, ciliary body and iris
    d) Choroid and retina
A

c) Choroid, ciliary body and iris

83
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT involved in lubrication of the eye?
    a) Tarsal plates
    b) Lacrimal caruncle
    c) Conjunctiva
    d) Meibomian glands
A

a) Tarsal plates

84
Q
  1. Which of the following muscle and cranial nerve matches is INCORRECT?
    a) Medial rectus; abducens (CN VI)
    b) Superior oblique; trochlear (CN IV)
    c) Inferior rectus; oculomotor (CN III)
    d) Superior rectus; oculomotor (CN III)
A

a) Medial rectus; abducens (CN V

85
Q
  1. When looking directly to the right, the active muscle in the left eye is:
    a) Lateral rectus
    b) Superior rectus
    c) Inferior oblique
    d) Medial rectus
A

d) Medial rectus

86
Q
  1. In the absence of light, the photoreceptor is:
    a) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which inhibits the bipolar cell and
    subsequently inhibits the ganglion cell
    b) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which disinhibits to the bipolar cell (exciting
    the bipolar cell), subsequently promotes and action potential in the ganglion cell
    c) Hyperpolarized and releases neurotransmitter which disinhibits to the bipolar cell
    (exciting the bipolar cell), subsequently promotes and action potential in the ganglion
    cell
    d) Inhibited by the CNS
A

a) Depolarized and releases neurotransmitter which inhibits the bipolar cell and
subsequently inhibits the ganglion cell

87
Q
  1. The middle ear includes:
    a) External auditory canal
    b) cochlea
    c) semicircular canals
    d) auditory ossicles
A

d) auditory ossicles

88
Q 
18. Mechanoreceptors located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ detect static linear motion in the
vertical plane.
a) utricle
b) saccule
c) semicircular canals
d) Cochlea
A

b) saccule

89
Q
  1. The pitch of sound is determined by the _________
    a) Amplitude of the sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of
    the cochlea
    b) Size of the auditory ossicles
    c) Frequency of sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of the
    cochlea
    d) Movement of the fluid in the vestibular apparatus
A

c) Frequency of sound waves that resonate with the basilar membrane of the
cochlea

90
Q
  1. Otolithic membrane is located in the __________
    a) vestibular apparatus
    b) cochlea
    c) semicircular canals
    d) in the middle ear
A

a) vestibular apparatu

91
Q
  1. The axons of olfactory receptors form________
    a) Cranial nerve I
    b) Olfactory tracts
    c) Synapse with mitral cells of olfactory bulb
    d) Both a) and c) are correct
A

d) Both a) and c) are corre

92
Q 
22. Which of the following taste sensations are stimulated by H+
ions binding to the
receptor cells
a) sweet
b) bitter
c) umami
d) sour
A

d) sour

93
Q
  1. Perception of taste is influenced by:
    a) olfaction
    b) texture
    c) temperature
    d) all of the above
A

d) all of the above

1016MSC anatomy & physiology (4 decks)

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