endocrine Flashcards
- The anterior pituitary has a ________ connection to the hypothalamus, whereas the posterior pituitary has a ________ connection to it
a) vascular, neural
b) neural, vascular
c) neural, neural
d) artial, vascular
a) vascular, neural
- What is permissiveness?
a) The summative effect of different hormones
b) When a hormone opposes the effect of another
c) When one hormone must be present for another to act
d) When a hormone inhibits the effect of another
c) When one hormone must be present for another to act
- What does TRH do?
a) promote the release of TSH and PRL
b) promote the release of TSH & PRL
c) promote the release thyrotropin hormone
d) promote the release of thyrotropin and thyroid stimulating hormone
a) promote the release of TSH and PRL
- Which of the following is not a stimulus for ADH secretion?
a) decreased blood volume
b) decreased blood pressure
c) increased blood osmolality
d) decreased blood osmolality
d) decreased blood osmolality
- Which of the following is true?
a) increased secretion of growth hormone after puberty result in gigantism
b) hyposecretion of TH in adults is called cretinism and is involved in hyposecretion of thyroid hormone
c) patients diagnosed with myxedema are easily treated with hormone replacement therapy
d) Grave’s disease is caused by autoimmune antibodies which activate the TSH receptor on follicle cells
d) Grave’s disease is caused by autoimmune antibodies which activate the TSH receptor on follicle cells
- Which of the following is matched incorrectly?
a) Zona glomerulosa → mineralocorticoids
b) Zona reticularis → sex hormones
c) Zona fasciculata → aldosterone
d) Adrenal medulla → adrenaline/noradrenaline
c) Zona fasciculata → aldosterone
- Which of the following is true of alpha and beta cells?
a) alpha cells secrete insulin whereas beta cells secrete glucagon
b) alpha cells secrete glucagon whereas beta cells secrete insulin
c) alpha and beta cells are both contained within the pancreatic islets
d) both B and C are correct
d) both B and C are correct
- What is polydipsia?
a) excessive thirst
b) excessive hunger
c) excessive volumes of urine
a) excessive thirst
- Adipose tissue is not considered part of the endocrine system, but it may have endocrine tissue that secretes hormones. What hormone is associated with adipose tissue that is key to the endocrine system?
a) EPO
b) ANP
c) Gastrin and Secretin
d) Leptin
d) Leptin
- What is pheochromocytoma?
a) hypersecretion of catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
b) excess cortisol secretion
c) deficits in mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
d) excess aldosterone secretion released by a hypersecreting tumo
a) hypersecretion of catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
- What is untrue about thyroid hormones?
They stimulate enzymes for glucose oxidation
They are permissive for growth hormone
They work antagonistically with reproductive hormones
The increase the number of adrenergic receptors in blood vessels
They work antagonistically with reproductive hormones
12. Which of the following conditions influences the production of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids? Conn’s syndrome Cushing’s syndrome Addison’s disease All of the above
Addison’s disease
13. Which of the following hormones causes hyperglycaemia? Glucagon Adrenaline Thyroid hormone All of the above
All of the above
14. What is linked to adrenogenital syndrome? Masculinisation of females Feminisation of males Delayed puberty Premature puberty
Masculinisation of females
15. Where is oxytocin produced? Posterior pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Neurohypophysis
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
16. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the pancreas? Beta cells secrete insulin F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic islet is surrounded by acini Alpha cells secrete somatostat
Alpha cells secrete somatostat
17. PTH is secreted by which gland/cells? Parafollicular cells Follicular cells Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Q2. Explain the term “tropic hormone”.
Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary
Q3. List the tropic hormones.
Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) – stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids. lutenising hormone follicle stimulating hormone
Q4. What is the hypophyseal portalsystem and what is its significance?
The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.
- Name the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. What does it
consist of?
infundibulum houses hypothalamic hypophseal tracct and transports release and inhibiting hormones to anterior lobe via a portal system (veins). antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are transported to the posterior lobe via axonal transport
Q6. Explain the mechanism of release of the posterior pituitary hormones into the systemic
circulation.
oxytocin and ADH transported down axons and stored in PP then receives a message via an action potential to release hormones into circulatory system.
Q7. Suckling is an important stimulus for release of:
(a) oxytocin
(b) ADH
(c) oestrogen;
(d) FSH;
(a) oxytocin
Q8. You have consumed a six-pack of beer in the course of an evening. The intake of alcohol can decrease the release of which hormone? (a) ACTH (a) oxytocin ADH (c) insulin (d) TSH
ADH
Q9. Which hormone causes contraction of smooth muscle surrounding milk glands of the mammary gland? (a) oxytocin (c) TSH (d) GH (e) prolactin
oxytocin
Q10. Describe negative feedback control of the release of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary
hormones by hormones secreted from the target endocrine glands. Provide an example.
GnRH promotes secretion of FSH and LH. stimulates the production of follicles in the ovaries
Q12. If a head injury damaged the region of the hypothalamus where the ADH-secreting neurons are
located, what do you anticipate could be the effect on the patient?
inability to release urine, resulting in kidney damage and failure.
Q13. Is growth hormone a tropic hormone or not? Describe why or why not.
no. Non-tropic hormones are hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects.
Q14. Does acromegly follow an excess or deficiency of growth hormone, and what happens to those who
suffer acromegly and why
excess. facial bones thicken.
Q1. The pancreas secretes two hormones that affect metabolism – what are they, what stimulates their
release, and to what effect?
alpha and beta cells
Q2. Where are pancreatic alpha cells located and what do they secrete, similarly, where are pancreatic beta
cells located and what do they secrete?
alpha cells secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose
beta cells secrete insulin to lower blood glucose
both found in islets of langerhans
Q3. What tissues or glands produce testosterone in males, and what does testosterone achieve?
testes maturation, 2dry sexual characteristics sex drive
sperm production, voice adams apple
Q4. What tissues or glands produce oestrogen in females, and what does oestrogen achieve?
ovaries maturation repro organs, 2ndry sex characteristics, breasts, cyclic changes
Q5. Where is the pineal gland located, what does it secrete, and which physiological processes is primarily
affected by this hormone
hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in diencephalon, secrets melatonin. circadian variation, temp, sleep. suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibits melatonin daylight. paraventricular nucleus stimulates via newrons in upper spine and neck in the dark
Q6. The thymus is unique in the body since it is generally a vestigial gland in adults, but active in children –
where is it located and what processes is it involved in controlling?
chest only in children, atrophies. develops t cells for immune.
Q7. There are a wide range of organs, not primarily known as endocrine organs, which nevertheless have an
important role in hormone secretion; ANP from the atria of the heart is an example. List four more
non-glandular organs and an important hormone each releases.
ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide from the heart.
gastrointestinal tract gastrin, cholecystokinin,
placenta - human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)
name the 4 layers of the adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
Adrenal medulla
Where is aldosterone secreted from
Zona glomerulosa
Prime function of a mineralocorticoid
enhances absorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium
where is renin secreted from
kidneys
where is ANP secreted from
atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from the heart
where is angiotensin 2 synthesized
synthesized in the kidney converted from 1 to 2 with ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) produced in the lungs.
What does RAAS stand for
renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system. stimulates aldosterone secretion triggered by low blood pressure
name the glucocorticoid involved in chronic stress response
cortisol
what hormones are the androgens precursors for
testosterone and estrogen
