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ANSC3104 Nervous system > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sensory cell

A

Sensory cell contained within nerve ending, with own axon (skin & olfactory)

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2
Q

Secondary sensory cell

A

Lack an axon

Synapse with sensory nerve fibres (ear, eye, taste)

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3
Q

Lacrimal

A

Tear producing apparatus in the eye

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4
Q

Lens function

A

Focusing light onto retina

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5
Q

Where are sensory cells located in the eye?

A

Retina

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6
Q

Optic nerve function

A

Transmits visual information to the brain

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7
Q

Are the cornea and sclera attached?

A

Yes

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8
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts the lens is…

A

The lens is wide

Zonular fibres have more room

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9
Q

When ciliary muscle relaxes the lens is

A

The lens is flat (contracted)

Less space for zonular fibres - puts pressure on lens

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10
Q

How is the ciliary muscle attached to the lens?

A

Via zonular fibres (connective tissue)

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11
Q

Eye ball

A

Fluid filled sphere
Covered by three layers (tunic)

  1. Fibrous (outer)
  2. Vascular (mid)
  3. Nervous (internal)
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12
Q

Vitreous body

A

Gel-like material

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13
Q

Why is cornea transparent and sclera white? (made out of same fibres)

A

Fibre arrangement

  • neatly layered in cornea
  • Scattered and tightly packed in sclera
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14
Q

Fibrous tunic of the eye

A

Outer layer
Contains:
Sclera
Cornea

Only complete tunic
Protects the eye

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15
Q

Vascular tunic of the eye

A 
Mid layer 
Contains: 
Choroid (lines sclera) 
Ciliary body 
Iris

Blood vessels and smooth muscle
Nourishes retina
Regulates shape of lens and size of pupil
Produces aqueous humour

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16
Q

Cornea

A

Like a window it allows light to enter to eye

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17
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters your eye by adjusting the size of the pupil opening.

Contains muscles that allow the pupil to become larger (open up or dilate) and smaller (close up or constrict).

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18
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

Located within choroid directly behind retina

it reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors

  • cause animal eyes to glow in the dark
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19
Q

What produces aqueous humour

A

Ciliary processes

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20
Q

Nervous tunic

A

Inner layer
Contains:
Retina

The retina contains photoreceptor cells:

  • Rods (night)
  • Cones (colour)

Ora serrata
- Junction between optic & non-sensory parts of retina

Optic disc
- Axons of nerve cells contracted - blind spot (no receptor cells)

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21
Q

Blind spot also known as

A

optic disc

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22
Q

What is the junction between optic and non-sensory parts of the retina

A

Ora serrata

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23
Q

Colour vision

A

Cones

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24
Q

Black and white vision

A

Rods

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25
Q

Lens

A

Consists of fibres arranged in concentric rings
Transparent
Secured by zonular fibres (extend from ciliary body) around equator
Focuses light

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26
Q

How many voluntary muscles control the rotation, retraction and sideways movement of the eye?

A

7

Muscle control is complex

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27
Q

Eyelids

A

2 folds of muscular & fibrous tissue

Skin outside, conjunctiva (mucous membrane) inside

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28
Q

Glands associated with eyelid

A

Lacrimal glands: nourish and keep eye moist

Tarsal glands: secrete fatty , lipid barrier substance (open along eyelid

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29
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

nourish and keep eye moist

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30
Q

Tarsal glands

A

secrete fatty , lipid barrier substance (open along eyelid

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31
Q

Third eyelid

A

Conjunctival fold supported by cartilage

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32
Q

What is a vestibulocochlear organ?

A

Ear

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33
Q

Main functions of the ear

A

Hearing & balance

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34
Q

Where is the middle and internal ear housed?

A

Within temporal bone of the skull

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35
Q

External ear

A

Two parts:
1. Pinna (auricle)

  1. External acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
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36
Q

What separates external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

ear drum

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37
Q

Middle ear

A

Consists of:
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles mediate transmission of sound waves

Auditory tube balances pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

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38
Q

Inner ear

A

Mechanical stimuli transmitted into nerve impulses

Cochlea: hearing

  • Sensory cells = hair cells
  • Do not have their own axons (synapse with sensory nerve fibres)

Vestibular apparatus: equilibrium & posture

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39
Q

Cochlea location

A

Inner ear

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40
Q

Cochlea function

A

Hearing

  • Sensory cells = hair cells
  • Do not have their own axons (synapse with sensory nerve fibres)
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41
Q

What does the curvature of the cornea do?

A

Converges light rays together

42
Q

Is a flat lens better for short or long distance vision?

A

Long distance vision

Ciliary muscle relaxed - zonular fibres taut - Lens flat

43
Q

When an animal focuses on something close the ciliary muscle….

A

Contracts - zonular fibres slacken - lens is round

44
Q

What controls the ciliary muscle in the eye?

A

ANS

Sympathetic fibres induce relaxation of the
muscle (for distant vision) while parasympathetic fibres cause contraction for near focus.

45
Q

Binocular vision

A

Where the eyes have overlapping visual fields

Necessary for depth perception

46
Q

Monocular vision

A

The vision covered by only one eye

47
Q

Are rods or cones more sensitive to light?

A

Rods are more sensitive to light

48
Q

What is the point of greatest visual accuracy in the eye?

A

Fovea or visual streak

49
Q

Otoliths

A

tiny crystals of calcium carbonate suspended within the gelatinous layer in the ear, making it heavier and giving it more inertia

50
Q

How does the ear help with balance

A

When the head tilts, the hairs bend in the direction of the tilt, due to gravity pulling the
heavy gelatinous layer. The hair cell bundles send different patterns of neural activity to the brain,
depending on the position of the head with respect to gravity.

51
Q

What does the pinna (external ear) do

A

collects sound waves and channels them down the external ear canal

52
Q

The olfactory organ consists of:

A

Sensory cells lining mucosa in caudal nasal cavity

53
Q

Vomeronsal organ

A

Important in detection of pheromones

54
Q

Sensory taste cells are organised in clusters called

A

Taste buds

55
Q

Taste buds are located

A

In side walls of tongue papillae

56
Q

Do taste cells have their own axon?

A

No, but form synapsed with sensory nerve fibres form cranial nerves

57
Q

What determines the stimuli an animal can detect?

A

Sensory receptors

58
Q

How does the cortex process the signal?

A

3 factors contribute to sorting:

  1. Type of stimulus - determined by type of receptor activated
  2. Intensity of stimulus - determined by frequency and area of APs
  3. Location of stimulus - message sent via specific pathways - activate specific area in brain
59
Q

Two classifications of receptors?

A
  1. Adequate stimulus - Sensory receptors are specialised to respond more to one type of stimulus than another e.g. mechanoreceptors or photoreceptors
  2. Stimulus location is also used to categorise sensory receptors
60
Q

Generator potentials

A 
No refractory period 
can be summed 
Local 
Last for as long as stimulus 
Stimulus intensity related to size of generator potential
61
Q

Sensory pathways are generally 3 neuron chains:

A

1st order afferent carries info to CNS, where it synapses with 2nd order afferent

2nd order afferent synapses with 3rd order afferent, usually in thalamus

3rd order afferent conveys message to higher brain for full perception

62
Q

what type of receptors are involved in somatosensory?

A

mechanoreceptors, nocireceptors and thermoreceptors

63
Q

What are the 2 somatosensory pathways?

A

The spinothalamic and dorsal column (medulla of brain stem)

64
Q

Once signal reaches the thalamus the animal

A

becomes aware

65
Q

Dorsal column pathway (touch) detects

A

Precise touch, texture, joint position & movement

66
Q

Spinothalamic pathway detects?

A

Crude, coarse touch, pressure, temperature, pain

67
Q

What type of receptors are involved in Dorsal column pathway?

A

Mechano-receptors

68
Q

What type of receptors are involved in spinothalamic pathway?

A

Noci, thermo, mechano

69
Q

Which pathway involved in somatosensory is the primitive pathway?

A

Spinothalamic pathway

70
Q

What type of receptors are used in olfaction & gustation (taste)?

A

Chemo

71
Q

Are the pathways uncrossed in taste sensation?

A

Yes

72
Q

Where are Olfactory cells located?

A

On ethmoidal turbinate bones

  • longer noses = better smelling - more folding - larger SA
73
Q

Function of cornea and lens?

A

Ned light to focus on single point on retina

Lens changes its strength to do this –> accomodation

74
Q

Accomodation

A

Ability of lens to adjust strength (thickness)
regulated by ciliary muscle
Relaxation = Symp.
Contraction = parasymp.

75
Q

Do rods and cones face the front or the back of the eye?

A

Back

76
Q

How many types of cone cells are there?

A

4

Most mammals have 2

77
Q

Vision pathway

A

Light hits retina - triggers photopigment - transduced into generator potential in receptors - bipolar cells - triggers AP in ganglion cells

78
Q

Do rods and cones converge onto the same pathway?

A

No, separate pathways, brain gets info about colour and light from different parts of the eye

79
Q

The image detected on the retina before processing is…

A

Upside down and backwards - because light rays bend

80
Q

How does depth vision occur?

A

Fibres from interior of each retina cross over (lateral fibres dont)
Brings together fibres carrying information on same visual field, from two aspects = depth vision

81
Q

How aural sensory cells work

A

Hair cells send continuous impulses at rest

If a force bend the cilia - signal pattern to brain changes

82
Q

How does the auditory cortex determine location of sound source?

A

Sound reaches close ear slightly before farther ear - differences in timing between ears

83
Q

How is pitch discriminated?

A

Sound waves of different frequencies move different parts of basilar membrane -CNS interprets pattern of hair cell movement as sound of particular frequency

84
Q

What is pain?

A

Nociception + sensation of unpleasantness

85
Q

What areas of CNS are highly involved in pain response?

A

Hypothalamus & limbic system

86
Q

Nociceptors

A 
Naked nerve endings of afferent neurons  
3 categories 
1. Mechanical 
2. thermal 
3. Polymodal (chemical)
87
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

due to damaging stimuli

Visceral or somatic

88
Q

Two type of fibres involved in pain response

A
  1. Type A-delta fibres - Large, myelinated - FAST

2. Type C fibres - small- unmyelinated fibres - SLOW

89
Q

What type of pain fibres only occur in viscera?

A

Type C fibres

90
Q

What pathway is important for pain transmission

A

Spinothalamic

91
Q

What is the most important neurotransmitter in pain response

A

Substance P

92
Q

Sensitisation (pain)

A

Prolonged stimuli may increase pain intensity

93
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

An increased sensitivity of receptors due to repeated stimulation

94
Q

Opiates

A

Pain relief NTRs - suppress the release of substance P - block transmission of pain signal

95
Q

Natural analgesia in animals

A

Opiates (provide pain relief via NTRs)

96
Q

Detrimental effect of pain

A

Delays healing & prolongs recovery
Catabolism, drop in feed intake
Can lead to self mutilation
Only beneficial as diagnostic sign

97
Q

Why is analgesia good for animals?

A

reduces suffering
improves healing and reduces healing time
Improves food intake - prevents catabolism
Stops self mutilation
Makes animals easier to handle
- Treatment best started before pain begins

98
Q

Different ways to treat pain?

A

Inhibit the activation of nociceptors
Block the conduction of impulses by nociceptors
Block the transmission of pain pathways in CNS
Activate body’s own pain modulating system

99
Q

Opoids examples

A

Morphine

100
Q

Opoids function

A

Stimulate bodys natural pain modulating system

ANSC3104 Nervous system (3 decks)

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