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ANSC3104 Nervous system > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

Major controlling, regulatory and communication system of the body

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2
Q

Central nervous sytem components

A

Brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system components

A

Spinal nerves & cranial nerves

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4
Q

Nueron

A

An elongated cell that consists of cell body, which contains nucleus and a variable number of processes (axons & dendrites)

  • Excitable tissue
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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

Usually short

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6
Q

Axon

A

Transmit information to the end and then too other cells

  • Usually only one axon per neuron
  • Usually long
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7
Q

Example of nerve fibres

A

Dendrites & axons

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8
Q

Function of neuroglia (supporting cells)

A
  • Hold the neurons and their processes in place
  • provide nourishment
  • insulate them from their surroundings (preventing ‘leakage’ of the impulses they convey)
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9
Q

What is the conducting portion of a neuron?

A

Axon

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10
Q

Clusters of cell bodies are called?

A

Ganglions

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11
Q

Cluster of cell dendrites or axons (fibres) are called?

A

Nerves

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12
Q

The junction between neurons is?

A

A synapse

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13
Q

What type of neurons constitute most of the nervous system?

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

true or false - Glial cells make up 90% of CNS

A

True

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15
Q

Four types of glial cells in CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes (myelin)
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Microglia
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16
Q

One type of glial cell in PNS

A

Schwann cells (myelin)

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17
Q

What happens to glial cells during foetal development?

A

Glial cells wrap themselves around the axon. They eventually lose most of their cytoplasm and what remains is layers of tightly packed lipid membranes

Gaps in myelin sheath occur at regular intervals, forming nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath occur at regular intervals, forming

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

What type of glial cell is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes

  • formation of blood-brain barrier
  • Physical support
  • Neurotransmitter recycling
  • Brain repair
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20
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Most abundant glial cell
  • Formation of blood-brain barrier
  • Physical support
  • Brain repair
  • Neurotransmitter recycling
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21
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line internal cavities of CNS
Form CSF: cilia
neural stem cells (stroke rehabilitation)
Associated with ventricles in the brain

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22
Q

Microglia

A

CNS immune defence cells
10-15% of cells
Mop up anything that gets passed blood-brain barrier

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Form lipid based myelin sheaths around axons
Fast conduction of nerve impulses
Energy efficient
Nodes of Ranvier: help current impulse

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24
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A nerve is a visible collection of neuronal fibres held together by connective tissue
No cell body
Found only in PNS

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25
Q

True or false:

Nerves exist in CNS & PNS

A

False, nerves only exist in PNS (called tracts in CNS)

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26
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in CNS?

A

Tract

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27
Q

Forebrain includes:

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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28
Q

Telencephalon includes:

A

Cerebrum

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29
Q

Diencephalon includes:

A

Thalamus & Hypothalamus

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30
Q

Midbrain includes:

A

Mesencephalon

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31
Q

Hindbrain includes

A

Metencephalon & Myencephalon

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32
Q

Metencephalon includes

A

Pons & cerebellum

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33
Q

Myencephalon includes:

A

Medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Medulla oblongata: Location & function

A

Swollen tip of spinal cord

  • Nerve impulses arise here:
  • Stimulates intercostal muscles & diaphragm makes breathing possible
  • Regulates heartbeat
  • Regulate the diameter of arterioles thus adjusting blood flow
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35
Q

Pons: function?

A

Transverse bar-like structure with nerve fibre tracts that are continued into cerebellum
Relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

Nerve impulses coming from the eyes, ears and touch receptors are sent to the cerebellum

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36
Q

Cerebellum: Function

A
  • Coordinates body movements
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37
Q

Cephalon =

A

Head

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38
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid brain

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39
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter

Communication of right and left hemisphere of cerebrum

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40
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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41
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

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42
Q

What separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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43
Q

Ridges (in brain) are called

A

Gyri

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44
Q

Sulci are

A

Grooves in the brain

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45
Q

Grey and white matter in spinal cord

A

Grey on inside
White on outside

i.e. White cortex

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46
Q

Grey and white matter in brain stem

A

Grey on inside
White on outside

i.e. White cortex

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47
Q

Grey and white matter in cerebrum

A

Grey on outside
White on inside

i.e. Grey cortex

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48
Q

Grey and white matter in cerebellum

A

Grey on outside
White on inside

i.e. grey cortex

49
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for conscious experience of sensory input (perception) and conscious direction of body movement

50
Q

Diencephalon location

A

Caudal part of forebrain

Rostral to brainstem

51
Q

Diencephalon anatomy

A

Unpaired
Contains:
Epithalamus (including pineal gland) - the roof (epi=upn)

Thalamus (largest component)

Hypothalamus -The floor (hypo = under)

Only the most ventral component, the hypothalamus is visible on external surface of brain

52
Q

Thalamus function

A

Acts as relay station for sensory information

All sensory pathways (except olfactory) pass through nuclei in thalamus –> cerebrum

53
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Link between nervous system and endocrine glands

Regulating centre for ANS

54
Q

Metencephalon contains:

A

Pons and cerebellum

55
Q

Medulla oblongata location

A

Myencephalon

56
Q

What links cerebellum & fore/midbrain?

A

Pons

57
Q

Mesencephalon location

A

Between Pons and diencephalon

58
Q

Mesencephalon function

A

Has nerve fibres connecting cerebrum & brain stem

- Vision, hearing & sleep

59
Q

Metencephalon location & anatomy

A

Rostral part of hindbrain
Consists of:
Pons (ventrally)
Cerebellum (dorsally)

60
Q

Roughly spherical
Highly fissured mass
Located in brain
2 large paired hemispheres and a narrow median ridge

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

On the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata it has a median fissure (groove) that is continuous with the spinal cord, and either side of this fissure are two prominent longitudinal ridges (nerve fibre tracts) known as ?

A

the pyramids

62
Q

What are the ventricles in the brain?

A

The internal brain cavities

Result from the narrowing neural tube

63
Q

What are the four ventricles in the brain?

A
  1. Lateral ventricles (L & R)
    • within cerebral hemispheres
  2. Third ventricle
    - Ventral to the cerebral hemispheres
  3. Fourth ventricle
    - Between the cerebellum & medulla oblongata
  4. Mesencephalic aqueduct
    - Connects third and fourth ventricles
    - Passes through mid brain
64
Q

What do ventricles contain

A

CSF

65
Q

What are meninges?

A

Connective tissue enclosing CNS & roots of spinal nerves

66
Q

Meninges function

A

Protects and nourishes the CNS

Contain CSF

67
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges

A
  1. Pia mater - Membrane follows the contour of the brain and spinal cord
  2. Arachnoid - Middle layer is spread web-like over the brain once the dura has been removed
  3. Dura - tough covering membrane of the CNS –> thick and hard, connected to bone part of skull cap
68
Q

CSF function

A

Physically protects the nervous tissue
Chemical buffer
Transports nutrients & removes waste
Shock absorber (high intracranial pressure)

69
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

It is produced continuously by vascular tufts called choroid plexuses located in the brain ventricles

70
Q

Spinal process?

A

Where muscles attach

71
Q

Intumescence

A

A thickening, swelling of spinal cord

72
Q

Fissure

A

A normal groove that divides an organ into lobes and parts

73
Q

Dorsal sulcus

A

Little dip in the spinal cord

74
Q

Ventral fissure

A

Large groove/dip in spinal cord that goes right up to grey matter

75
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Takes in sensory information

76
Q

Ventral horn

A

Relays motor information

77
Q

In spinal cord are nerve tracts white or grey matter?

A

White matter

78
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are found in CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

79
Q

Ascending and descending tracts are found in CNS or PNS?

A

CNS
Dorsal = ascending
Ventral = Descending
Lateral = both

80
Q

What connects the PNS & the brain?

A

Spinal cord

81
Q

PNS consists of:

A

Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

82
Q

Spinal nerve includes:

A

Dorsal branch

Ventral branch

83
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

84
Q

What nervous system has two possible routes of output?

A

Autonomic nervous system

- Parasympathetic & sympathetic

85
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Excitatory
Prepares the body for activity in critical situations
Fight or flight response
Quick response mobilising system

Both local and mass response

86
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A 
Dampening system 
Returning body systems to normal after sympathetic stimulation 
Rest & digest 
Feed & breed  
Localised reaction ONLY!
87
Q

In sympathetic NS are pre-ganglionic fibres or postganglionic fibres longer

A

Postganglionic fibres are longer

88
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Part of parasympathetic NS
Longets cranial nerve
Nerve passes down the neck with sympathetic trunk forming the vagosympathtic trunk
Attached to carotid arteries

89
Q

In parasympathetic NS are preganglionic or postganglionic fibres longer?

A

Preganglionic fibres are longer

Ganglia close to target organs

90
Q

Where do the vagus nerves arise?

A

Medulla oblongata

91
Q

What type of glial cell provides physical support for CNS?

A

Astrocytes

create structures for neurons to sit in

92
Q

Ependymal have beer cilia to help

A

Move CSF around

93
Q

What type of glial cell is referred to as neural stem cell?

A

Ependymal cells

94
Q

Difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes in CNS & Schwann cells in PNS

Schwann cells are seperate cells

Oligodendrocytes are several elongated projections

95
Q

The spinal cord has 2 functions:

A
  1. Transmission of information

2. Reflex centre

96
Q

Dermatome

A

Area on skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve

97
Q

Where in the brain is the basal ganglia located?

A

Forebrain - within cerebrum

98
Q

Brain stem function

A

Links spinal cord to higher brain regions
Relays sensation input & motor output
Modulate pain
Contributes to consciousness

99
Q

Brain stem parts:

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

100
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Vital cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor reflexes, digestion

101
Q

Where is the optic chiasma in the brain located?

A

In the diencephalon

102
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Homeostasis: maintains stability of the internal environment

103
Q

Where did primitive sensory processing occur?

A

Thalamus

104
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for consciousness?

A

Cerebrum

105
Q

Outer layer of cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

106
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
107
Q

Frontal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?

A

Primary motor cortex - controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Vocal abilities
Higher mental functions e.g. planning

108
Q

Parietal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?

A

Receives and processes sensory input (perception)
Called the somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory (touch) & proprioception (body position) information processed here

109
Q

What lobe of the cerebral cortex is called the somatosensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

110
Q

Occipital lobe (cerebral cortex) function ?

A

Visual processing & vision related function

111
Q

Temporal lobe (cerebral cortex) function?

A

Auditory information

112
Q

Rhinencephalon location

A

ventral part of all 4 lobes of cerebral cortex

113
Q

Rhinencephalon function

A

Olfactory processing

114
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Grey matter under cerebral cortex
Regulates body movement and facial expression
Maintains purposeful motor activity
Suppresses useless or unwanted movements
Modifies ongoing activities

115
Q

Limbic system

A 
Not seperate structure 
Ring of forebrain structures surrounding brain stem 
Interconnected parts: 
- Cerebral cortex 
- Basal nuclei 
- Thalamus 
- Hypothalamus

Emotions, basic survival, behaviour, motivation & learning

116
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for involuntary responses due to emotions?

A

Hypothalamus

117
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Memory (short term, long term and working)

118
Q

Amygdala function

A

Perception and sensation of fear

Conditioned stimulus - i.e. Association of one stimulus with another

ANSC3104 Nervous system (3 decks)

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