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Human Function > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

-audible variations in air pressure.

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2
Q

Air is compressed (made more dense) when

A

when obj is moving toward a point in space

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3
Q

Air is rarefied (made less dense) when

A

an obj is moving away from a point in space.

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4
Q

intensity

A
  • loudness
  • measured in pascals
  • human range is from less than a billionth atm pressure (0 decibels) to 10^13 atm pressure (130 decibels)
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5
Q

(T/F) Sound waves also have intensity measures as pressure of the wave (Pascals)

A

T

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6
Q

Pitch

A

-frequency
-measured in Hz/kHz
-pitch is equal to the number of crests that pass a point in a second (aka cycles per second or Hz)
100 cps = 1 kHz
-incr vibrations, incr pitch

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7
Q

auricle

A
  • part of outer ear
  • cartilage covered by skin
  • impt in locating sounds in space
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8
Q

auditory canal

A
  • aka ear canal

- part of outer ear

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9
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • part of outer eat

- outer layer of ear drum

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10
Q

ear drum located in

A

middle ear

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11
Q

cavity (tympanic cavity)

A

-in middle ear

houses the ossicles: malleus (attached to ear drum), incus, stapes (smallest bone in the body)

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12
Q

oval window

A
  • part of the middle ear

- connect middle ear to the inner ear

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13
Q

semicircular canals

A
  • part of inner ear
  • filled with fluid attach to cochlea
  • sends info about balance and head position
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14
Q

cochlea

A
  • part of inner ear

- spiral shaped organ where sound transduction takes place

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15
Q

eustachian tube

A

part of inner ear

-drains fluid from the inner ear into the throat behind the nose

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16
Q

scala media

A

middle chamber of cochlea

-houses the organ of corti that sits on the basilar membrane

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17
Q

scale vestibuli

A
  • top chamber of the cochlea

- separate by scala media by reissners membrane

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18
Q

reissners membrane

A

separates scala media from scala vestibuli

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19
Q

scale tympani

A
  • bottom chamber of cochlea

- separated by scala media by basilar membrane

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20
Q

organ of corti

A
  • complex arrangement of cells and accessory xtures that is supported by the basilar membrane
  • compromises the sensory cells of the ear
  • when basilar membrane vibrates in response to sound, the entire organ or corti moves up and down
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21
Q

basilar membrane

A
  • separates scale media from scala tymapni
  • supports organ of corti
  • vibrates in response to sound
  • flexible and has unique characteristics that help its ability to respond to sound
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22
Q

tectorial membrane

A

-overhanging xture and sits immediately above the organ of corti

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23
Q

how does the ear communicate sound

A

basicar membrane vibrates in response to sound. forces organ of corti upward against tectorial membrane. tectorial membrane exerts a sheering force on apical membrane of sensory cells in organ of corti —this communicates sound

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24
Q

basicar membrane is wider and more flexible at its

A

apex

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25
Q

basilar membrane is narrower and stiffer at its

A

base

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26
Q

(T/F) when sound is transfered to the basilar membrane, the distance it transduced along the length of the membrane does not depend on frequency.

A

F- it does depend on freq

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27
Q

basilar membrane with incr freq

A

base vibrates a lot and dissipates the energy of the soundwave

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28
Q

basilar membrane with decr freq

A

sound travels to apex

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29
Q

(T/F) the tectorial membrane has a tonotopic map

A

F- the basilar membrane

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30
Q

outer hair cells

A
  • 3 of them
  • do not contribute to sensory transduction in ear but are important for adjusting the stiffness (tunning) of the basilar membrane
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31
Q

inner hair cell

A
  • 1 of them
  • completely carries out auditory transduction.
  • depolarized cell with a hair bundle
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32
Q

Can hair cells fire APs?

A

cannot fire AP but it’s membrane pot fluctuates in response to sound and release NTs onto post syn nerve ending that synapses onto its base

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33
Q

Steps in auditory conduction

A 
1-bundel deflection
2- transduction current
3-Receptor pot
4-Ca2+ current
5-glutamate release
6-EPSP
7-APs
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34
Q

tip link

A

a fine process connect each stereocilia in the hair bundle to the next tallest one
-attached to mechanically gated ion channel

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35
Q

How does bundle deflection open gate

A

when hair bundle is deflected bc of vibration of basilar membrane, the tip-link pulls on a mechanically gates ion channel present on stereocilia, causing it to open.

  • cations flow down electrochem gradien
  • this cation flow = transduction current
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36
Q

transduction current

A
  • when cations flow down electrochem gradient from channels on stereocilia
  • transduction current causes receptor potential
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37
Q

receptor potential

A

-caused by transduction current

activates voltage gated ion channels on basolateral surface of hair cell.

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38
Q

why is Ca2+ current impt?

A

bc this is what supports glutamate NT release from pre syn terminals

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39
Q

wavelength is responsible for

A

perception of color

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40
Q

amplitude is responsible for

A

-intensity– perception of brightness

41
Q

visible light spectrum

A

violet-blue-green-yellow-orange-red
400 nm –>700 nm
this is at 10^-6 meters of electromag spectrum

42
Q

electromag spectrum

A

gamma-xrays-uv-visible light-IR-radar-radiowaves-AC circuits

43
Q

ciliary body and lens

A

divide the eye into posterior (vitreous) cavity and anterior cavity (which has anterior and posterior chambers)

44
Q

aq humor

A
  • circulates within the eye
  • diffuses through walls of anterior chamber
  • re enters circulation
45
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • fills posterior cavity

- not recycled, permanent fluid

46
Q

the lens and how it helps us focus

A
  • light is refracted as it passes through the lens
  • closer the light source, the longer the focal distance, flatter the lens
  • further the light source, the rounder the lens, the shorter the focal distance
47
Q

retina made up of

A

rods, cones, pigmented epithelium, bipolar & ganglion cells and horizontal and amocrine cells.

48
Q

pigmented epithelium

A
  • epithelial cells that contain melanin
  • appears dark in histo prep
  • helps prevent light from reflecting back through the retina–> which would lead to image distortion and poor visual acuity
  • also a storage for vit A (precursor to the photopigments)
49
Q

bipolar cells & ganglion cells

A

converge and integrate APs
bipolar cells- transmit their info to the ganglion cells
ganglion cells- extend their axons across the surface of the retina and these fibers make up the optic nerve. these are the output of the retina

50
Q

optic disk

A
  • central pale portion of the retina where the central retinal artery and vein merge
  • blind spot– has no photoreceptors
51
Q

fovea

A

dense area of retina

-region of highest acuity

52
Q

which photoreceptors carry out phototransduction?

A

rods and cones

53
Q

levels cones present

A
  • mostly present in fovea

- low levels everywhere else (except blind spot_

54
Q

levels rods present

A
  • none in fovea
  • increase as we move away from fovea to more periphery of retina and then it falls slowly but still maintained at relatively high levels
55
Q

why are there more stars off center?

A

focus with rods instead of cones bc better night vision and rods are located on more periphery of retina

56
Q

(T/F) Light only needs to pass through some layers of the retina before it can reach the photo Rs

A

F- light must pass through all layers of the retina

57
Q

organization of retina from front of the eye back

A

ganglion cells

  • bipolar cells
  • rods and cones
  • pigmented epithelium
  • choriod
58
Q

optic nerve

A
  • perforates the optic disk
  • made up of ganglion cell fibers
  • transmits the info that was originally transduced by the photoRs to the primary sensory areas of the brain
59
Q

rods

A

very low spatial acuity

  • extremely sensitive to light
  • monochromatic night vision
60
Q

cones

A
  • high spatial resolution
  • insensitive to light –> specialized for acuity
  • color, R,G,B
61
Q

at the lowest level of light what happens

A
  • only rods acivated
  • scotopic vision
  • sock matching problem
  • poor resolution
  • no perception of color bc cones not involved
62
Q

scotopic vision

A

rod mediated vision at lowest level of light, no cones

63
Q

as illumation increases what happens

A

-cones become more and more dominant
rods decrease = photopic vision
the membrane pot of indiv rods can not longer function bc cell membrane channels are closed

64
Q

photopic vision

A

when rods decrease because their response to light is saturated with increasing levels of illumination
so no rods, only cones

65
Q

mesopic vision

A

levels of light which both rods and cones contribute

ex-twilight

66
Q

macular degeneration

A

loss of cone function in elderly

-they are legally blind even though they may have cone

67
Q

(T/F) rods converge on bipolar cells

A

T

68
Q

Rods or cones exhibit less convergence

A

cones

69
Q

convergence makes rods better at what? and why

A

detecting light because small signals from many rods are added together to generate a large response

70
Q

convergence in rods makes them worse at what? and why

A

spatial resolution and acuity bc the stim the source of a single rod bipolar cell or retinal ganglion cell could come from anywhere within a relatively large area of the retinal surface

71
Q

what are photopigments and which pigments do they contain?

A

-the outer segments of each photoreceptor is packed with membranous disks that contain the light sensitive pigments which is opsin & retinol (11-cisretinol)

72
Q

rhodopsin

A

photopigment in rods

scotopsin + 11-cis retinol

73
Q

retinol

A
  • identical in every photo R but the protein portion of the molecules varies slightly (vary in AA req) and this alters the properties of each photopigment
  • comes specialized for B, G or R wavelengths
74
Q

describe the diff in AA between blue and rhodopsin

A

large difference

75
Q

describe the diff in AA bw G and B

A

many differences byt not as many as rhodopsin and B

76
Q

describe the diff in AA bw R and G

A

very similar

77
Q

why do no black bands appear in the rainbow?

A

because all wavelengths (rods, R, G and B) overlap in the full visible spectrum

78
Q

rod adaptation to light (slow/fast)?

A

slow

79
Q

cone adaptation to light (slow/fast)?

A

fast

80
Q

what form of rhodopsin is the only form that fits comfortably in opsin?

A

11-cis- retinol

81
Q

what happens when a photon is absorbed by retinol?

A

-changes conf from 11 cis retinal to all trans retinol

82
Q

what does all trans retinal cause?

A

-bleeching = causes retinol and opsin to dissoc bc all trans can’t fit comfortably in opsin molecule

83
Q

the restoration of all trans retinal back to 11 cis retinal is a passive process. (T/F)

A

F- it is ATP dependent

it is also enzyme driven

84
Q

what needs to happen in order for us to generate new rhodopsin?

A

11 cis retinal needs to be restored

85
Q

what is present in outer segment of a rod?

A

membranous disks and cGMP gated Na+ channels

86
Q

what is present in the inner segment of a rod?

A
  • Na/K ATPase

- K channels

87
Q

when does a rod experience dark current

A

when no light present

88
Q

dark current

A

when Na channels open, Na enters outer segment and K leaves in inner segment.
-this cycle of pos charges entering and leaving creates a flux called dark current.

89
Q

what does incr cGMP do?

A

keep cGMP gated Na channels open

90
Q

when is the cell depolarized? (dark or light)

A

in the dark becasue that’s when pos charges enter

91
Q

phototransduction in light process

A

1- light strikes rhodopsin and activates G protein (transducin) and binds GTP
2- alpha subunit activated cGMP PDE
3- PDE breaks down cGMP to 5’ cGMP which reduces the conc
4-decr cGMP causes Na channels to close in plasma membrane of outer segment. Inner segment K continues to be pumped out of rod which hyperpolarizes the cell

92
Q

what happens in light basically

A

-decr conc cGMP in outer segment, closure of cGMP gated Na channels and hyperpolarization of photoR (disrupts dark current)

93
Q

what happens to hyperpolarization as we incr intensity of light?

A

incr intensity of hyperpolarization

94
Q

(T/F) The depolarization in the dark leads to constitutive release of NT

A

T

95
Q

when is the release of NT inhibited?

A

in the light

96
Q

(T/F) the amount of energy a given sensory R responds to in normal function is known as an “adequate stim”

A

T

97
Q

(T/F) R pots are all in one phenomena

A

F

98
Q

(T/F) When freq of APs along sensory neurons is const as long as a stim continues, it is called adaptation.

A

F

99
Q

(T/F) Modality refers to the intensity of a given stim

A

F

Human Function (5 decks)

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