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ANAPHY [MIDTERM] > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Ability to perceive stimuli.

A

Sense

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2
Q

Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons.

A

Sensation

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3
Q

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action potentials.

A

Sensory receptors

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4
Q

What are the 2 Types of Senses?

A
  • General senses - receptors distributed over a large part of the body.
  • Special senses - receptors localized within specific organs.
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5
Q

What are under the special senses? (5)

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Balance
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6
Q

The General senses is divided into 2 parts. What are these?

A
  • Somatic - located in skin, muscles, joints.
  • Visceral - located in internal organs.
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7
Q

In General Senses,

What are under the somatic?

A
  • Pressure
  • Touch
  • Proprioception
  • Temperature
  • Pain
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8
Q

In General Senses,

What are under the visceral?

A
  • Pain
  • Pressure
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9
Q

Receptors over large part of body that sense touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and itch.

A

General senses

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10
Q

It provide information about body and environment.

A

Somatic

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11
Q

It provide information about internal organs.

A

Visceral

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12
Q

It is composed of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance.

A

Special senses

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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14
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

  • From the word “mechano” - mechanical
  • It detect movement
  • Examples: touch, pressure, vibration
A

Mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

  • From the word “chemo” - chemical.
  • It detect chemicals
  • Example: odors
A

Chemoreceptors

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16
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

  • It detect light
A

Photoreceptors

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17
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

  • It detect temperature changes.
A

Thermoreceptors

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18
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

  • It detect pain.
A

Nociceptors

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19
Q

What are the 5 Types of Touch Receptors?

A
  • Merkel’s disk
  • Hair follicle receptors
  • Meissner corpuscle
  • Ruffini corpuscle
  • Pacinian corpuscle
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20
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

  • It detect light touch and superficial pressure.
A

Merkel’s disk

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21
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

  • It detect light touch.
A

Hair follicles receptors

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22
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

  • Deep in epidermis
  • Localizing tactile sensations
  • Involved in fine, discriminative touch
A

Meissner corpuscle

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23
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

  • Deep tactile receptors
  • Detects continuous pressure in skin
A

Ruffini corpuscle

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24
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

  • Deepest receptors
  • Associated with tendons and joints
  • Detect deep pressure, vibration, position
A

Pacinian corpuscle

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25
Q

Respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch, or movement.

A

Free nerve endings

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26
Q

It is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences.

A

Pain

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27
Q

Pain can be felt and perceived in different ways. What are the 2 way pain is perceived?

A

Localized or diffuse

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28
Q

This type of pain is felt in a specific, well-defined area of the body.

It is a sharp, pricking, and cutting pain. It is a rapid action potential.

Examples include a cut, a bruise, or toothache, where the pain is concentrated in one particular spot.

A

Localized

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29
Q

This type of pain is more generalized and spread over a larger area, making it harder to pinpoint exactly where it is coming from.

It is like a burning, aching pain. It is a slower action potential.

Examples include muscle soreness after exercise or fibromyalgia, where the pain is widespread and not limited to a particular location.

A

Diffuse

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30
Q

In Pain Control, there are two different methods used to prevent pain during medical procedures, but they vary significantly in how they work and where they are applied. What are these?

A

Local anesthesia and General anesthesia

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31
Q

This involves numbing a specific, small area of the body to block sensation in that region. The patient remains awake and conscious during the procedure.

  • Action potentials suppressed from pain. Receptors in local areas. Chemicals are injected near sensory nerve.
A

Local anesthesia

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32
Q

It is used for major surgeries or procedures that would be too painful or complex for the patient to be awake. It renders the patient completely unconscious and unresponsive, inducing a deep sleep-like state so they feel no pain and are unaware of the procedure.

  • Loss of consciousness. Chemicals affect after reticular formation.
A

General anesthesia

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33
Q

The ____________ is typically positioned at the head side of the patient during surgery for several important reasons related to airway management, monitoring, and control of the patient’s anesthesia.

A

anesthesiologist

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34
Q

It originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus. It is felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed. Sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord.

Example:

  • Heart Attack: Pain from a heart attack is often felt in areas like the left shoulder, arm, neck, or jaw, rather than directly in the chest.
A

Referred pain

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35
Q

It is the Cranial Nerve I which is the sense of smell. It occurs in response to odorants. Receptors are located in nasal cavity and hard palate. We can detect 10,000 different smells.

A

Olfaction

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36
Q

Arrange the step by step of the Olfaction Process.

A. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of mucous where odors become dissolved.

B. Dendrites pick up odor, depolarize, and carry odor to axons in Olfactory bulb (cranial nerve I).

C. Frontal and temporal lobes process odor.

D. Olfactory neurons are located in mucous. Dendrites of olfactory neurons are enlarged and contain cilia.

A

A → D → B → C

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37
Q

This is the sensory structures that detect taste. It is located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, and throat.

A

Taste buds

Note: Inside each taste buds are 40 taste cells. Each taste cells has taste hair that extend into Taste pores

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38
Q

What is taste buds, taste cells, and taste hairs?

A
  • Taste Buds are the structures that house taste cells.
  • Taste Cells are the individual sensory cells that detect taste stimuli and send signals to the brain.
  • Taste Hairs (microvilli) are tiny extensions on the taste cells that help capture taste molecules from food.
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39
Q

The tongue is divided into two main regions. What are these?

A

Anterior and Posterior sections

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40
Q

The anterior portion of the tongue refers to the front __________ of the tongue.

A

two-thirds or 2/3

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41
Q

The posterior portion of the tongue refers to the back _________ of the tongue.

A

one-third or 1/3

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42
Q

This is the actual V-shaped groove located just behind the circumvallate papillae. It marks the boundary between the anterior and posterior regions of the tongue but does not itself contain any taste buds or papillae.

A

Sulcus Terminalis

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43
Q

These are the large, dome-shaped structures that house taste buds and are responsible for detecting bitter tastes. There are typically 7 to 12 circumvallate papillae arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue. These are what people often refer to as the “12 circles.”

A

Circumvallate Papillae

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44
Q

This are mushroom-shaped structures located mainly on the tip and sides of the tongue. They are involved in detecting sweet, salty, and umami tastes, and they also play a role in sensing temperature and texture.

A

Fungiform papillae

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45
Q

This are leaf-shaped structures found on the sides of the posterior tongue, responsible for detecting sour and bitter tastes.

Their activity is more pronounced in children and decreases with age. It diminishes when we turn 3 years old.

A

Foliate papillae

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46
Q

This are the most numerous type of papillae on the tongue, but unlike other papillae, they do not contain taste buds. Instead, they serve other important functions related to increase surface texture and sensation.

A

Filiform papillae

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47
Q

TASTE PROCESS

[Familiarize only!]

A
  • Taste buds pick up taste and send it to taste cells.
  • Taste cells send taste to taste hairs.
  • Taste hairs contain receptors that initiate an action potential which is carried to parietal lobe.
  • Brain processes taste.
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48
Q

What are the 5 types of tastes?

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Umami
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49
Q

Certain taste buds are more _______ to certain tastes.

A

sensitive

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50
Q

Taste is also linked to what sense?

A

smell

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51
Q

It is a complex set of brain structures that play a key role in regulating emotions, memory, behavior, and certain physiological functions like motivation and the body’s response to stress. It is sometimes referred to as the “emotional brain” because it is heavily involved in emotional processing.

A

Limbic System

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52
Q

It is a branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that plays an important role in taste sensation and the regulation of salivary glands. It carries taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and also provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

A

Chorda tympani

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

The organs of hearing and balance are located in the ________.

A

Ears

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55
Q

The ear is divided into 3 areas. What are these?

A
  • The external ear
  • The middle ear
  • The inner ear
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56
Q

This is the area of the ear that extends from outside of head to eardrum.

A

The External Ear

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57
Q

The External Ear has 3 parts. What are these?

A
  • Auricle
  • External auditory canal (meatus)
  • Tympanic membrane
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58
Q

This is the fleshy part of the ear (outside).

It’s function is to collecting the sound waves.

A

Auricle

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59
Q

This is the canal that leads to eardrum.

Important for the pathway of the sound waves.

A

External auditory canal or External auditory meatus

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60
Q

In layman’s terms, it is called “eardrum”. This is the thin membrane that separates external and middle ear.

A

Tympanic membrane

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61
Q

In layman’s terms, it is called “earwax”. It is accumulated or produced by ceruminous glands at the external auditory canal for protection.

A

Cerumen

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62
Q

Cerumen is produced by what?

A

ceruminous glands

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63
Q

Commonly known as swimmer’s ear, is an infection or inflammation of the outer ear canal, the tube that runs from the outer ear to the eardrum. It is typically caused by bacterial or fungal infections, often triggered by prolonged moisture in the ear, which creates an environment favorable for microbial growth.

A

Otitis externa

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64
Q

The eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) can be __________, which is a hole or tear in the eardrum (tympanic membrane), which separates the outer ear from the middle ear.

This happens when the eardrum bursts.

A

perforated

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65
Q

When the eardrum or tympanic membrane burst, will it affect your hearing?

A

Yes

Note: Tympanic membrane can regenerate but it can be fibrous or it will lessen your capacity to hear.

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66
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)

Note: They are also the 3 smallest bones and they are important in conducting sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window.

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67
Q

This is the area of the ear that is air filled chamber with ossicles.

A

The Middle Ear

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68
Q

The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes are the ossicles and at the same time the ________ bones.

A

smallest

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69
Q

What is the other name or layman’s term for Malleus?

A

Hammer

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70
Q

What is the other name or layman’s term for Incus?

A

Anvil

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71
Q

What is the other name or layman’s term for Stapes?

A

Stirrup

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72
Q

It is the bone attached to Tympanic membrane.

A

Malleus (hammer)

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73
Q

It is the bone that connects Malleus to stapes.

A

Incus (anvil)

74
Q

It is the bone located at base of oval window.

A

Stapes (stirrup)

75
Q

It is a narrow canal that connects the middle ear to the pharynx (the upper part of the throat, behind the nose).

Advantage: Its primary function is to equalize air pressure between outside air and middle air.

Disadvantage: It can be a cause of Otitis Media (Luga)

A

The auditory tube, also known as the eustachian tube

76
Q

What do you do when you feel fullness of the ears?

A

Swallow to equalize ears

77
Q

It is also in the middle ear that separates middle and inner ear.

A

Oval window

78
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Middle ear?

A
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
  • Auditory tube or Eustachian tube

Note: There is also oval window.

79
Q

Infections in the middle ear, particularly after a cold or sinus infection, can cause fluid buildup behind the eardrum, leading to a feeling of fullness, ear pain, and muffled hearing. This fluid can place pressure on the eardrum, contributing to discomfort.

A

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infections) [Luga]

80
Q

This is the area of the ears set of fluid filled chambers. This is where the sound is perceived and balanced.

A

The Inner Ear

81
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Inner Ear?

A
  • Cochlea
  • Vestibule
  • Semicircular canals
82
Q

This is the snail-shell shaped structure. This is where hearing takes place or where sound is perceived.

It is connected to the cochlear nerve and Vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Cochlea

83
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve before is called as ___________. It is changed because it is not just for hearing but also for balance.

A

Auditory nerve

84
Q

It is part of the inner ear that is the body of the snail.

It is located between the cochlea and the semicircular canals.

A

Vestibule

85
Q

It is the part of the inner ear that is the head of the snail.

A

Semicircular canals

86
Q

What are the 2 Fluids of the Inner Ear?

A
  • Endolymph
  • Perilymph
87
Q

It is a clear fluid located in the middle portion of the inner ear, particularly, inside the membranous labyrinth.

A

Endolymph

88
Q

It is a fluid located in the outer portions of the inner ear, particularly, between the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth

A

Perilymph

89
Q

In the cochlea of the inner ear, there are three main chambers or “scalae” that play crucial roles in hearing. These chambers are separated by membranes and filled with different fluids. What are these?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala tympani
  • Cochlea duct
90
Q

This is located at the upper chamber (superior), positioned above the cochlear duct. It is filled with perilymph, initiates the pathway for sound waves.

A

Scala vestibuli

91
Q

It is located at the lower chamber (inferior), filled with perilymph, relieves pressure from sound waves.

A

Scala tympani

92
Q

It is located at the middle chamber, filled with endolymph, contains the organ of Corti or the Spiral Organ for sound signal conversion.

A

Cochlea duct

93
Q

It is located inside the cochlear duct. It contains hair cells.

A

Spiral organ, also known as Organ of Corti

94
Q

It is a gel-like, ribbon-like structure positioned above the hair cells of the spiral organ.

It vibrates against hair cells. The movement causes the hair cells to push against the tectorial membrane, bending their stereocilia (small hair-like projections) to produce sound.

A

Tectorial membrane

95
Q

It is attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an action potential (perception of sound).

A

Hair cells

96
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for interpreting and perception of sound?

A

Temporal lobe

97
Q

Sound is _____ way only.

A

one

98
Q

Pathway of sound through the ear?

A
  • Auricle
    ↓
  • External Auditory Canal
    ↓
  • Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
    ↓
  • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
    ↓
  • Oval Window
    ↓
  • Scala Vestibuli (in the cochlea)
    ↓
  • Spiral Organ (Hair Cells) (where vibrations are converted to electrical signals)
    ↓
  • Scala Tympani
    ↓
  • Round Window (which releases the remaining sound wave energy).
99
Q

The release of sound at the round window prevents _______ or backward reflections of sound waves within the cochlea.

A

echoes / echo

100
Q

Older people often have difficulty hearing what kind of sounds?

A

high-pitched

Note: That’s why it is better to talk with them using low-pitched sounds as they can understand it better.

They perceived high-pitched as anger.

101
Q

In terms of Balance (Equilibrium), we have 2 kinds. What are these?

A
  • Static Equilibrium
  • Dynamic Equilibrium
102
Q

It is associated or managed by vestibule. It evaluates position of head relative to gravity.

You know the location of the gravity.

A

Static equilibrium

103
Q

It is associated or managed by semicircular canals. It evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement.

A

Dynamic equilibrium

104
Q

It is a central part of the inner ear located between the cochlea and the semicircular canals.

Contains utricle and saccule.

  • Utricle - Responds to horizontal movements.
  • Saccule - Responds to vertical movements.
A

Vestibule

In our experiment, it is when we stand on one leg with our eyes closed.

Note: Our vision also affects our balance.

105
Q

It is specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround by endolymph. It contain hair cells.

Hair Cells: Sensory cells that have hair-like projections (stereocilia) on their surface. When the head moves, the hair cells bend, sending signals to the brain about the direction and speed of movement.

A

Maculae

106
Q

It is (also known as otoconia) are tiny calcium carbonate crystals located in the gelatinous layer of the maculae.

Attached to hair cells microvilli which initiate action potentials.

A

Otoliths

Note: Otoliths respond to gravity.

107
Q

It is responsible for dynamic equilibrium. It sense movement in any direction. It also has relation to gravity.

Composed of three rings

A

Semicircular canals

Note: Our ears can detect which location is the gravity even if you are upside down.

In our experiment, it is walking in a straight line.

108
Q

It can be seen at the base of semicircular canals.

A

Ampulla

109
Q

It is a sensory structure located within the ampulla of each semicircular canal.

It contains contains hair cells that are sensitive to changes in fluid movement caused by head rotation. When the head moves, the endolymph fluid shifts, causing the hair cells to bend.

A

Crista ampullaris

Note: It is important in detecting dynamic equilibrium

110
Q

It is a gelatinous mass that covers the crista ampullaris within the ampulla. It contains microvilli. Float that is displaced by endolymph movement.

A

Cupula

Note: The cupula is buoyant in the endolymph and plays a crucial role in detecting changes in head position during rotational movements.

111
Q

It is foundational for gymnasts’ performance and safety, providing them with the balance, control, and spatial awareness necessary to perform their routines with precision and confidence.

With this, they can tell if they can land properly after a spin. Also helps them to protect themselves.

A

Dynamic equilibrium

112
Q

There are three gelatinous (gel-like) structures within the inner ear that play crucial roles in balance and spatial orientation. What are these?

A
  • Tectorial membrane - Gel-like structure in the cochlea, important for hearing by aiding sound wave transmission.
  • Otoliths - Gel-like layer in the vestibule that detects linear acceleration and gravity orientation.
  • Cupula - Gelatinous structure in the semicircular canals, involved in detecting rotational movements.
113
Q

What is the cause of vertigo?

A

The fluids inside the ear [Endolymph and Perilymph].

It is like spinning in a circle and then you suddenly stop. The spinning sensation continued and it makes you dizzy and nauseous.

114
Q

It is an accessory structure that protects the eye from sweat and serves as a shade from sun.

A

Eyebrow

115
Q

It is an accessory structure that protects the eyes from foreign objects and lubricates by blinking

A

Eyelid / Eyelashes

116
Q

What produces your tears?

A

Lacrimal gland or Lacrimal apparatus

117
Q

Located in the upper outer region of each eye, above the lateral end of the eyelid.

It produces tears, which are essential for lubricating the eye, providing nutrients to the cornea, and protecting the eye from infection.

A

Lacrimal gland

118
Q

These ducts connect the lacrimal gland to the surface of the eye.

It carry tears from the lacrimal gland and release them onto the conjunctiva, the membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. This helps distribute tears across the eye’s surface, keeping it moist and clean.

A

Lacrimal ducts

119
Q

Extends downward from the lacrimal sac, passing through the nasal cavity, and opening into the nose.

It drains tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. This is why crying or excess tearing often leads to a runny nose, as the tears empty into the nose through this duct.

A

Nasolacrimal duct

120
Q

What is the Summary of Tear Pathway?

A
  • Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland.
  • Lacrimal ducts carry the tears to the surface of the eye.
  • Tears are collected by the lacrimal canaliculi at the inner corner of the eyelid.
  • Tears drain into the lacrimal sac.
  • Finally, tears flow down the nasolacrimal duct and into the nasal cavity.
121
Q

The extrinsic eye muscles looks like what?

A

Holding a ping pong ball.

122
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the eye muscles?

A

Cranial Nerves

  • CN 3 - Occulomotor
  • CN 4 - Trochlear
  • CN 6 - Abducens
123
Q

What are the muscles that holds the eyes?

A

Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus

Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

124
Q

Determine the movement of the eyeball that corresponds to the muscles.

  • Superior rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
A
  • Superior rectus - upward
  • Lateral rectus - side
  • Medial rectus - side
  • Inferior rectus - downward
  • Superior oblique - clockwise
  • Inferior oblique -counterclockwise
125
Q

The accessory structure of the eye that is a thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid.

A

Conjunctive

126
Q

It is composed of 6 muscles that help move eyeball.

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

127
Q

What are the 3 Chambers of the eye?

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Vitreous chamber
128
Q

The eye is composed of 3 layers or tunics. What are these?

A
  • Fibrous Tunic
  • Vascular Tunic
  • Nervous Tunic
129
Q

It is the outermost Tunic or layer of the eye, providing shape, protection, and support.

A

Fibrous Tunic

130
Q

The fibrous Tunic is composed of 2 main components. What are these?

A

Sclera and Cornea

131
Q

The firm, “white” outer part of the eye. It helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites, and protects internal structures.

A

Sclera

132
Q

The “plastic” transparent structure that covers iris and pupil. It allows light to enter and focuses light.

A

Cornea

133
Q

The middle Tunic or layer of the eye. It contains blood supply because it is rich in blood vessels and pigments, which nourishes the eye.

A

Vascular Tunic

134
Q

The Vascular Tunic is composed of 6 main components. What are these?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Suspensory ligaments
  • Lens
  • Iris
  • Pupil
135
Q

This is the black part (melanin) of the eye. It delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to retina.

A

Choroid

136
Q

It helps hold lens in place. They both controls the shape of the lens for focusing.

A

Ciliary body and Suspensory ligaments

137
Q

It is a clouding of the lens in the eye, which leads to a decrease in vision.

A

Cataract

Note: The problem with cataract lies in lens but most eye problem is caused by the eyeball.

138
Q

It is a flexible disk. It helps in focusing light into retina.

A

Lens

139
Q

It is the colored part of the eye. It surrounds and regulates pupil.

A

Iris

Note: The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

140
Q

It just a “hole”. Inside the Iris is a central opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. It dilates and constricts depending on the amount of light.

A

Pupil

141
Q

What happens to the pupil when it is striked with lots of light?

A

Constricted / Constricts

142
Q

What happens to the pupil when it is strike with little light?

A

Dilated / Dilates

143
Q

When the pupil is 10mm fix, what does this indicate?

A

The patient is brain dead

144
Q

When the pupil is 1 mm sluggish, what does this indicate?

A

The patient is involved with narcotics or drugs

145
Q

What is the normal size of pupil?

A

2 - 3 mm

146
Q

The innermost Tunic or layer, responsible for detecting light and converting it into neural signals for the brain.

A

Nervous Tunic

147
Q

It is the most important as it is responsible for our eyesight. Contains photoreceptor cells.

It covers posterior 5/6 of eye. It contains 2 layers.

A

Retina

Note: In a projected image, it is the backdrop.

148
Q

A layer of pigmented cells located just outside the sensory retina. Outer layer. It keeps light from reflecting back in the eye.

A

Pigmented retina

149
Q

The layer of the retina that contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and other cells involved in visual processing. It contains interneurons.

A

Sensory retina

150
Q

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light.

It’s vision is in black and white. Can function in dim light. Allow vision in low-light conditions (night vision).

20 times more rods than cones

A

Rods

151
Q

Photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision and high visual acuity.

It provides 3 types of color blue, green, red.

A

Cones

People who are color blind have decreased number of cones. Lower than normal.

152
Q

It is the crucial pathway that transmits visual information from the retina in the eye to the brain.

Located at the back of each eye, it is made up of over a million nerve fibers that carry electrical impulses generated by light-sensing photoreceptors in the retina.

When light enters the eye and reaches the retina, photoreceptors convert it into electrical signals. These signals then travel along the ________ to the brain, where they are processed into the images we see.

A

Optic nerve

153
Q

What are the 3 important structures in the eye’s retina, each playing a distinct role in vision?

A
  • Macula
  • Fovea Centralis
  • Optic disk
154
Q

It is a small spot near center of retina. This is where image is projected.

It is a small, central area of the retina, about 5.5 mm in diameter, and is responsible for detailed central vision.

A

Macula

155
Q

Located at the center of the macula. It is a tiny pit (about 1.5 mm in diameter) that contains the highest density of cone cells and is devoid of rod cells [ONLY CONES]. This concentration of cones makes it the part of the retina with the sharpest vision and the most precise color detection.

It has the ability to discriminate fine images. Provides the clearest, most detailed vision.

A

Fovea centralis

156
Q

It is also known as the “blind spot,” this is because of the blood vessels that enters the eye and spread over the retina.

It contains no photoreceptors (cones or rods), meaning no visual information is detected in this area, creating a small gap in our visual field.

A

Optic disk

Note: This is the white spot medial to macula

157
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the eye?

A
  • Anterior chamber
  • Posterior chamber
  • Vitreous chamber
158
Q

It is located between the cornea and lens.

It is filled with aqueous humor (watery) which helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye.

A

Anterior chamber

159
Q

It is located behind the anterior chamber. It also contains aqueous humor.

A

Posterior chamber

160
Q

What is the clear, watery fluid that nourishes the eye and helps maintain proper intraocular pressure?

It can be found in the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye.

A

Aqueous humor

161
Q

It is related to the excessive aqueous humor. It also associated with problem draining the fluid.

It is a group of eye conditions such as blindness, characterized by damage to the optic nerve, often due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye.

A

Glaucoma

162
Q

The largest chamber, located in the retina region.

It is filled with vitreous humor (gel-like substance).

A

Vitreous chamber

163
Q

What is the jelly-like substance found in vitreous chamber.

It helps maintain pressure, holds lens and retina in place, refracts light.

It supports the retina and maintains eye shape.

A

Vitreous humor

164
Q

Which humor is related to Glaucoma? It is a tunnel shaped vision.

A. Aqueous humor
B. Vitreous humor

A

A. Aqueous humor

165
Q

The eye functions much like a _______.

A. camera
B. radio

A

A. camera

OBVIOUSLY! HAHAHA

166
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for vision, specifically image interpretation?

A

Occipital lobe

167
Q

The images that form on our eyes are _______, or upside-down and reversed, compared to the actual object in front of us. This occurs due to the way the lens in our eye bends (refracts) light.

A

inverted

The occipital lobe processes these inverted signals and “flips” them so we perceive the world as right-side up. This is done automatically, so we are unaware of the inversion.

168
Q

_______ Vision: Lens flattens, ciliary muscles relax, Tension in suspensory ligaments is high.

A. Distant
B. Near

A

A. Distant

169
Q

_________ Vision: Lens thickens, ciliary muscles contract, Tension in suspensory ligaments is low.

A. Distant
B. Near

A

B. Near

170
Q

The ability of the lens to change its shape to focus on near or distant objects is called _________.

A

Accomodation

This ability declines with age, leading to a condition known as presbyopia (difficulty focusing on near objects), which typically starts in middle age due to decreased lens elasticity.

171
Q

What are the Visual Pathway?

A
  • Optic Nerve
  • ↓
  • Optic Chiasm
  • ↓
  • Optic tract
  • ↓
  • Thalamus
  • ↓
  • Optic radiation
  • ↓
  • Visual cortex (Occipital lobe) - The one that “rearrange” the inverted image perceived by the eyes.
172
Q

It serves as a connection for the right and left side of the eyeball to share a vision (image).

A

Optic chiasm

173
Q

What happens to your eyesight if one side of the occipital lobe is damaged?

A
  • Both eye will be affected depending on the damage. If half of the right eye is blind, the half of the left eye is also blind.

It doesn’t mean that one side of occipital lobe is damaged, only one eye will be blind.

174
Q

Also known as nearsightedness, the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved.

The image is in front of the retina. This makes it difficult to see distant objects.

A

Myopia

175
Q

Also known as farsightedness, the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat.

The image is behind the retina. This makes it difficult to see nearby objects.

A

Hyperopia

176
Q

It is an age-related vision condition in which the eye gradually loses the ability to focus on close objects. It usually becomes noticeable in people over the age of 40 and is a natural part of the aging process.

This is when lens becomes less elastic. Reading glasses is required here.

A

Prebyopia

177
Q

It is a common refractive error in which the cornea or lens of the eye has an irregular curvature, causing light to focus unevenly on the retina. Instead of a single focal point, multiple points of focus occur, leading to blurred or distorted vision.

Glasses or contacts are required to correct this visual defects.

A

Astigmatism

178
Q

It is the absence or deficient cones. Primarily in males.

Cones is responsible for the color of the image perceived.

A

Color Blindness

179
Q

It is the increased pressure in the eye that can lead to blindness caused by the watery fluid of the anterior and posterior chamber called aqueous humor.

A

Glaucoma

180
Q

ADDITIONAL INFO ONLY

(also known as diplopia) is a condition in which a person perceives two images of a single object.

A

Double vision

181
Q

ADDITIONAL INFO ONLY

It is a condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic eye movements that can be side-to-side, up-and-down, or circular.

A

Nystagmus

182
Q

ADDITIONAL INFO ONLY

It describes a condition where the eyes are not properly aligned and may point in different directions. “banlag” is a Filipino word that typically refers to this.

In this condition, one or both eyes may turn inward (esotropia), outward (exotropia), upward (hypertropia), or downward (hypotropia), which can result in double vision or difficulty focusing.

A

Strabismus or crossed eyes

ANAPHY [MIDTERM] (5 decks)

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