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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Flashcards

1
Q

This are three connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meninges

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2
Q

The meninges is composed of three meningeal membrane or layer. What are these?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater

REMEMBER THE ACRONYM DAP

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3
Q

This is the outermost (most superficial) meningeal layer. This is also the toughest of all the meninges.

A

Dura mater

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4
Q

The dura mater forms how many layers around the brain and around the spinal cord?

A
  • Two layers around the brain.
  • One layer around the spinal cord.
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5
Q

The second meningeal membrane is the very thin, wispy _________________.

The term “wispy” is an adjective used to describe something that is thin, delicate, or fragile in appearance.

A

Arachnoid mater

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6
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?

This is normally only a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid.

A

Subdural space

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7
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood vessels are found in this space.

A

Subarachnoid space

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8
Q

What is the difference between subdural space and subarachnoid space?

A

Subdural space: Located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. It’s typically a “potential space,” meaning that it doesn’t usually exist under normal conditions unless blood or fluid accumulates, such as in a subdural hematoma.

Subarachnoid space: Located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. This is an actual space that always exists and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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9
Q

What is the third meningeal membrane? This is very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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10
Q

The CNS contains fluid-filled cavities called ___________.

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

Are two large, C-shaped cavities located in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. They are part of the brain’s ventricular system, which produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Lateral ventricle

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12
Q

This is a smaller, midline cavity located in the center of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus and connected by foramina (holes) to the lateral ventricles.

A

Third ventricle

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13
Q

This located at the base of the cerebellum and connected to the third ventricle by a narrow canal, called the cerebral aqueduct.

It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

It also opens into the subarachnoid space through foramina in its walls and roof.

A

Fourth ventricle

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14
Q

Are two small channels that connect the lateral ventricles of the brain to the third ventricle.

These allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, continuing the pathway of CSF circulation through the brain’s ventricular system.

A

The foramina of Monro (also called interventricular foramina)

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15
Q

It is a narrow channel in the midbrain that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

A

The cerebral aqueduct (also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius)

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16
Q

The horns of the lateral ventricles are extensions or projections of the lateral ventricles into different lobes of the brain. These horns are named based on their location within the brain and each has a specific function and anatomical relationship to nearby structures.

What are the horns of lateral ventricles?

A
  • Lateral ventricle (anterior horn) - Extends into the frontal lobe of the brain.
  • Lateral ventricle (posterior horn) - Extends into the occipital lobe, which is at the back of the brain.
  • Lateral ventricle (inferior horn) - Extends into the temporal lobe of the brain.
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17
Q

It is a clear, colorless fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective cushion around the CNS.

It fills the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is primarily produced by what?

A

Ependymal cells located in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles

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19
Q

What is the flow of CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses (ependymal cells)
↓
Lateral Ventricle
↓
Foramina of Monro
↓
Third ventricle
↓
Cerebral aqueduct
↓
Fourth ventricle
[The CSF exits the fourth ventricle through small openings in its walls and roof and enters the subarachnoid space]

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20
Q
  • Masses of arachnoid tissue.
  • Penetrate the superior sagittal sinus, a dural venous sinus in the longitudinal fissure, and CSF passes from the subarachnoid space into the blood through these granulations.
  • Regulated the amount of CSF in the brain.
A

Arachnoid granulations

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21
Q

The total volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the human body at any given time is about __________.

A

80 - 150 mL

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22
Q

Arachnoid granulations are very important as it regulates or control the amount of CSF in our brain which is 80-150 mL.

What is the medical condition characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure.

This condition can occur due to various factors, including obstruction of CSF flow, overproduction of CSF, or impaired absorption.

A

Hydrocephalus

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23
Q

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, primarily the brainstem.

What are the 12 pair of cranial nerves?

A
  • Oh - Olfactory
  • Oh - Optic
  • Oh - Occulomotor
  • To - Trochlear
  • Touch - Trigeminal
  • And - Abducens
  • Feel - Facial
  • Very - Vestibulocochlear
  • Good - Glossopharyngeal
  • Velvet - Vagus
  • Ahh - Accessory
  • Heaven - Hypoglossal
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24
Q

Cranial nerves are named by using what?

A

Roman numerals

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25
Q

Cranial nerves has 2 categories of functions. What are these?

A

Sensory and motor

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26
Q

Cranial nerves can be Sensory and Motor.

Use an acronym to know the categories of function of each cranial nerve.

A
  • Some - Olfactory (Sensory)
  • Say - Optic (Sensory)
  • Marry - Occulomotor (Motor)
  • Money - Trochlear (Motor)
  • But - Trigeminal (Both)
  • My - Abducens (Motor)
  • Brother - Facial (Both)
  • Says - Vestibulocochlear (Sensory)
  • Big - Glossopharyngeal (Both)
  • Brain - Vagus (Both)
  • Matter - Accessory (Motor)
  • Most - Hypoglossal (Motor)
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27
Q

It is a pure sensory nerve for smell.

A

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)

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28
Q

It is a pure sensory nerve for vision.

A

Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

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29
Q

It is a pure motor nerve for eye movement.

A

Cranial Nerve III (Occulomotor)

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30
Q

It is a pure motor nerve for vertical eye movement (movement of eye downward and outward).

A

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)

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31
Q

It is both a motor and sensory nerve. It is sensory for pain, touch, and temperature for the eye and lower and upper jaws. It is motor for muscles of chewing.

A

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

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32
Q

It is a pure motor nerve for lateral eye movement (movement of eye outward, left and right, sides).

A

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)

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33
Q

It is both a sensory and motor nerve. It is sensory for taste and motor for facial expression.

A

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

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34
Q

It is a pure sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium.

A

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

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35
Q

It is both a motor and sensory nerve. It is sensory for taste and motor for swallowing.

A

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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36
Q

It is both a motor and sensory nerve. It is sensory and motor for organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

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37
Q

It is a pure motor nerve for the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of the larynx.

A

Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)

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38
Q

It is a pure motor nerve for the tongue.

A

Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)

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39
Q

It refers to difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. It can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes moving food or liquids from the mouth, through the throat, and down the esophagus to the stomach.

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) is the one responsible for swallowing.

A

Dysphagia

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40
Q

It refers to the activation of the vagus nerve, which is the tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X). The vagus nerve is involved in controlling various autonomic functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, and plays a key role in regulating the parasympathetic nervous system, often referred to as the “rest and digest” system.

A

Vagal stimulation

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41
Q

It is an automatic response that occurs when the back of the throat is stimulated. It serves as a protective mechanism to prevent choking or aspiration of foreign objects into the airway.

The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) detects touch or other stimuli in the back of the throat, especially the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsillar area.

A

The gag reflex (also known as the pharyngeal reflex)

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42
Q

The Spinal Cord extends from (a)__________ to (b)___________.

It is protected by vertebral column.

A
  • (a) foramen magnum
  • (b) 2nd lumbar vertebra
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43
Q

The spinal nerves of the spinal cord allow movement.

It it is damaged, what can possibly occur?

A

Paralysis

Example:

  • Hemiplegia - paralysis of one side of the body.
44
Q

It is the center of the spinal cord.

It looks like letter H or a butterfly.

A

Gray matter

45
Q

It is situated outside of the spinal cord.

Contains myelinated fibers.

  • Myelinated fibers are nerve fibers (axons) that are covered with a protective insulating layer called myelin. This myelin sheath significantly increases the speed at which electrical impulses (action potentials) travel along the nerve, allowing for faster communication between neurons.
A

White matter

46
Q

Located in the white matter of the CNS are three columns. What are these?

A
  • Dorsal column
  • Lateral column
  • Ventral column
47
Q

In white matter of spinal cord,

It contain ascending and descending tracts.

48
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Axons that conduct potentials toward the brain.
A

Ascending tracts

49
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain.
A

Descending tracts

50
Q

The gray matter has a letter H shape with horns.

What are the parts of the gray matter? (4)

A
  • Posterior horns (dorsal)
  • Anterior horns (ventral)
  • Lateral horns
  • Central canal
50
Q

In 4 Parts of Gray Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Contain axons which synapse with interneurons.
A

Posterior horns

51
Q

In 4 Parts of Gray Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Contain somatic neurons (voluntary).
A

Anterior horns

52
Q

In 4 Parts of Gray Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Contain autonomic neurons (involuntary).
A

Lateral horns

53
Q

In 4 Parts of Gray Matter in Spinal Cord,

  • Fluid filled space in the center of cord.
A

Central canal

54
Q

It is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS.

55
Q

What is the simplest reflex?

A

Stretch reflex

56
Q

It occurs when muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them.

A

Stretch reflex

57
Q

It is a classic example of a stretch reflex.

A

Knee-jerk reflex or patellar reflex

58
Q

It is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus.

A

Withdrawal reflex

59
Q

These are pain receptors and stimulation of these receptors initiates the reflex.

A

Sensory receptors

60
Q

4 Steps of Withdrawal Reflex

[FAMILIARIZE ONLY]

A
  • A. Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus.
  • B. Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
  • C. Sensory neurons synapse with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons.
  • D. Excitation of the motor neurons results in contraction of the flexor muscles and withdrawal of the limb from the painful stimulus.
61
Q

It is a very important nerve that originates in the neck and plays an essential role in controlling breathing. It innervates the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle responsible for respiration. It ensures the diaphragm contracts and relaxes during breathing, allowing air to be drawn into and expelled from the lungs.

A

Phrenic nerve

When this is damaged, you cannot breathe anymore by your own.

62
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

63
Q

What are the 3 major nerve plexuses in the human body?

A
  • Cervical plexus
  • Brachial Plexus
  • Lumbosacral Plexus
64
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Spinal nerves C1-C4
  • Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck.
  • Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm.
A

Cervical plexus

65
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Originates from spinal nerves C5 - T1.
  • Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand
A

Brachial Plexus

66
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Originates from spinal nerves L1 - S4.
  • Supply nerves lower limbs
A

Lumbosacral Plexus

67
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Neck and Diaphram
A

Cervical Plexus

68
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Movement of shoulder, arm, and hands [WHOLE UPPER LIMB]
A

Brachial Plexus

69
Q

Thoracic nerve has ________________.

A. movement
B. no movement

A

B. No movement

That is the reason why it is not a plexus

70
Q

What Plexus is this?

  • Movement of lower limbs from the trunk to the feet.
A

Lumbosacral plexus

71
Q

The nerves arising from each region of the spinal cord and vertebral column supply specific regions of the body.

What is the area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves.

A

Dermatome

Note: This is for sensation [purely sensory]

72
Q

What is the difference of dermatome and plexuses?

A
  • Plexuses - motor or movement
  • Dermatome - sensory or sensations
73
Q

[TRIVIA QUESTION ONLY!]

It refers to the specific areas of the skin that are innervated by sensory nerves, which transmit sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, and vibration to the brain.

A

Cutaneous sensory distribution

74
Q

[TRIVIA QUESTION ONLY!]

What is the difference of dermatome and cutaneous sensory distribution?

A
  • Dermatome - areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve root.
  • Cutaneous Sensory Distribution - Area of skin innervated by a peripheral nerves.
75
Q

It is paralysis that affects all four limbs—both arms and both legs—as well as the torso.

A

Quadriplegia or Quadriplegic

76
Q

It is paralysis that affects one side of the body (either the left or right side), including the arm, leg, and often the face on that side.

It is commonly caused by a stroke or other brain injury affecting one hemisphere of the brain, often in areas controlling motor function.

A

Hemiplegia or Hemiplegic

77
Q

It is paralysis that affects the lower half of the body, including both legs and, in some cases, part of the trunk, but the arms are typically unaffected.

A

Paraplegia or paraplegic

78
Q

It is a part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiological functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular activity.

It operates largely unconsciously, controlling essential bodily functions without conscious effort.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

79
Q

The autonomic nervous system is composed of 2 divisions. What are these?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

80
Q
  • Fight or Flight
  • More on stimulation or increased activity.
  • Prepares the individual for physical activity.
A

Sympathetic

81
Q
  • Rest and Digest
  • Generally activates involuntary functions, such as digestion, that are normally associated with the body at rest.
A

Parasympathetic

82
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Pupil dilation
A

SYMPATHETIC

83
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Bronchi dilation (increased)
A

SYMPATHETIC

84
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Heart - Increased heart rate
A

SYMPATHETIC

85
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased Blood Pressure (BP)
A

SYMPATHETIC

86
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Liver - Increased Blood Sugar
A

SYMPATHETIC

87
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased sweat
A

SYMPATHETIC

88
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased stomach acid
A

SYMPATHETIC

89
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased intestine motility (peristalsis)
A

SYMPATHETIC

90
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased digestion (defecation)
A

SYMPATHETIC

91
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased bladder contraction (urination)
A

SYMPATHETIC

92
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased saliva production
A

SYMPATHETIC

93
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Pupil constriction
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

94
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Bronchi dilation (decreased)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

95
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Heart - Decreased heart rate
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

96
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Decreased blood pressure (BP)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

97
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Liver - Decreased blood sugar.
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

98
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Liver - Increased glycogen (storage)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

99
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Liver - Decreased glycogen (storage)
A

SYMPATHETIC

100
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Less sweat or dry
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

101
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased stomach acid
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

102
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased intestine motility (peristalsis)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

103
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased digestion (defacation)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

104
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased bladder contraction (urination)
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

105
Q

SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Increased saliva production
A

PARASYMPATHETIC

ANAPHY [MIDTERM] (5 decks)

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