Special Senses Flashcards
________________ is the organ of hearing
The ear
The ear is innervated by what nerve?
Cranial nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear/Auditory nerve)
The ear is divided into 3 distinct parts; ____________, ____________, and _______________
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
The outer ear consists of the _________ and ___________
Pinna/Auricle
External acoustic meatus
What part of the ear possesses hair follicles and glands that secrete Cerumen?
External acoustic meatus/Auditory canal
The middle ear is otherwise known as the ______________
Tympanic cavity
The middle ear is line with either _____________ or _____________ epithelium
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
The lateral wall of the middle ear is formed by _______________
The tympanic membrane
The posterior wall, roof, and floor of the middle ear are formed by ______________
The temporal bone
The medial wall of the middle ear is formed by ________________
Thin sheet of temporal bone with two openings;
The oval window
The round window
The middle ear consists of 3 bones and a tube called __________________
Malleus/Hammer
Incus/Anvil
Stapes/Stirrup
Eustachian/Pharyngotympanic tube
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
It maintains atmospheric pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
The Eustachian tube is line by ___________ epithelium
Ciliated Columnar
The smallest of the auditory ossicles is the __________
Stapes
Which auditory ossicle makes direct contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
The joint formed between the head of the malleus and the incus is called ____________
Incudomalleolar joint
The joint formed between the long process of the incus and the stapes is called __________________
Incudostapedial joint
What part of the ear is known to contain organs of hearing and balance?
The Inner ear
The inner ear is made up of three main parts; ____________, _____________, and _______________
Vestibules
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
_______________ part of the inner ear is nearest to the middle ear
The vestibules
_______________ are three tubes arranged in the inner ear in a way that each one is situated in each plane of space
The semicircular canals
The semicircular canals are continuous with the vestibules.
True/False
True
______________ is a snailshell-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing
The cochlea
The vestibular apparatus is largely responsible for ________________
Balance
Compensatory actions triggered by the brain-stem to maintain stability or re-establish equilibrium are known as ________________
Vestibular reflexes
The vestibular reflex that controls eye muscles to keep visual objects in focus while the head is moving is called __________________
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
The vestibular reflex that activates body muscles when it senses a potential loss off balance to keep the body from falling is called __________________
Vestibulo-spinal reflex (VSR)
__________, ____________, and _____________ are vestibular sensory organs
Saccules
Utricles
Semicircular canals
What vestibular organ senses rotational movements?
The semicircular canals
What vestibular organ is sensitive to horizontal motion?
Utricles
What vestibular organ is sensitive to vertical motion?
Saccules
The utricles and saccules are collectively called _____________
Otholitic organs
The calcium carbonate crystals found in the gel-like layer of the saccules and utricles are otherwise called ______________
Ear rocks/Otoconia
A thin semi-transparent membrane that separates the outer and middle ear
Tympanic membrane
The tympanic membrane is _____mm thick and _____mm in diameter
1mm thick
8-10mm in diameter
The tympanic membrane is positioned at an angle of _______ degrees
55 degrees
The two parts of the tympanic membrane are __________ and ____________
Pars tensa
Pars flaccida
__________ part of the tympanic membrane forms most of the membrane
Pars tensa
The pars flaccida is also known as ____________
Shrapnell’s membrane
The tympanic membrane possesses two surfaces; ____________and ____________
Concave surface
Convex surface
The area of maximum convexity in the tympanic membrane is called the _____________
Umbo
The tympanic membrane has three layers; _____________, _____________, and ____________
Outer cuticular layer
Intermediate fibrous layer
Inner mucous layer
The auditory ossicles are arranged from the _____________ to __________________
Tympanic membrane to The oval window
What is the function of the ossicular system?
Transmit and amplify air vibrations into the inner ear to be processed as electrical impulses.
On getting to the inner ear, air vibrations have been amplified to _______ times the original by the outer and middle ear.
A. 27
B. 40
C. 22
D. 43
E. 20
C. 22 times
_______________ and _____________ muscles dampen the movement of the auditory ossicles to avoid ear damage by loud noises
Tensor Tympani muscle
Stapedius muscle
Muscle that pulls on the malleus and tenses the tympanic membrane to reduce the amplitude of its oscillation
Tensor Tympani
Muscle that inserts in the stapes and pulls it posteriorly to reduce the amplitude of vibrations transmitted to the oval window
Stapedius
Condition that causes fluid build-up which can restrict ossicle movement
Otitis media
Condition characterized by Increased bone growth in middle ear leading to fused ossicles and progressive hearing loss
Otosclerosis
Condition characterized by increased sensitivity to sound caused by damaged facial nerve which supplies stapedius muscle
Hyperacusis
Hair cells in the cochlea are divided into _____ outer and _____ inner hair cells
3 outer
1 inner
Which of the hair cells is the true auditory receptor cell?
Inner hair cell
The hair cells of the cochlea are found within _____________
The organ of corti
The cochlea is made up of _______________
A. 4 tubes separated by 3 membranes
B. 3 tubes separated by 1 membrane
C. 2 tubes separated by no membranes
D. 3 tubes separated by 2 membranes
E. 3 tubes separated by no membranes
D. 3 tubes separated by 2 membranes
A tube in the cochlea by which vibrations travel to the apex is called ________________
Scala Vestibuli
_________________ is an endolymph filled tube in the cochlea
The cochlea duct
A tube in the cochlea by which vibrations travel to the base is called ________________
Scala Tympani
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with _______________
Perilymph
The membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlea duct is referred to as ________________
Vestibular membrane
Reissner’s membrane is another name for _____________
Vestibular membrane
The membrane that separates the scala tympani from the cochlea duct is referred to as ________________
Basilar membrane
At the base of the cochlea, the basilar membrane ______________ in elasticity, wideness and flexibility
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains uniform
B. Decreases
Higher frequencies of sound are registered at the __________
A. Base
B. Apex
A. Base
Humans have a hearing range of _____ to ______Hz
20 to 20,000HZ
Humans are most sensitive to _______________ frequencies
A. 2000 to 5000 Hz
B. 3500 to 7000 Hz
C. 2700 to 5500 Hz
D. 2200 to 6000 Hz
A. 2000 to 5000 HZ
Condition caused by accumulation of endolymphatic fluid within the cochlea leading to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss
Meniere disease
What are the three types of hearing loss?
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Mixed hearing loss
Damage to the outer or middle ear could lead to what type of hearing loss?
Conductive hearing loss
Damage to the inner ear or nerves could lead to what type of hearing loss?
Sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss to both ears is called _____________ as hearing loss to one ear is called ___________
Bilateral hearing loss
Unilateral hearing loss
