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Ap2 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what type of senses are smell and taste?

A

(Chemical)
-both are PRIMITIVE
Share with earthworms and ants
-evolutionary first senses to arrive
-inform us of external stimuli

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2
Q

what does smell provide us?

A

most direct link to enviroment

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3
Q

where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

superior portion of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

what are olfactory hairs/cilia?

A

project from dendrites/free nerve endings of sensory neurons into mucus layer covering nasal epithelium

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5
Q

what are odorants?

A

-chemicals that have the odor
-travels up the nose and stimulates receptors on a olfactory hair
-An action potential is generated in the sensory neuron and it travels along the following pathway (next slide)

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6
Q

what is smell(olfaction)?

A

paired olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I sensory neurons)
->
olfactory bulbs in the brain
->
olfactory tracts
->
olfactory area of the cerebrum in the temporal lobe
->
also travel to the limbic system (emotional brain) which links smells with memories

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7
Q

how many smell receptors neurons do we have?

A

-millions
-an detect about 350 specific odorant molecules; combinations of odorants lead to the ability to identify about 10,000 distinct odors; animals have as many as 1000 specific receptors and so have a much keener sense of smell

Binding of an odorant molecule to its receptor induces a generator potential ie. depolarization which leads to an action potential that is then transmitted as a nerve impulse.

Babies are capable of identifying mom by smell

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8
Q

what is hyposmia?

A

Impaired sense of smell, due to aging, smoking, head injuries, brain tumors, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson Disease, medications

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9
Q

what are the 5 distinct sensations of taste(gustation)?

A

high energy = sweet
need to replace electrolytes = salty
poison or spoiled food = bitter
unripe = sour
umami = meaty or savory
Much of what we perceive as flavor is actually aroma sensed by olfactory receptors

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10
Q

what are the receptors for taste called?

A

gustatory receptor cells and are located in taste buds

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11
Q

what are taste buds?

A

found on the soft palate, pharynx, and especially elevations of the tongue called papillae
50 or so gustatory receptor cells per taste bud each possess a long microvillus or gustatory hair which projects to the surface of the bud through a taste pore

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12
Q

the taste sensation is conveyed in how many cranial nerves?

A

(VII, facial, anterior tongue; IX, glossopharyngeal, posterior tongue; X, vagus, throat, and epiglottis)

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13
Q

what is vision?

A

More than half of the sensory receptors in the human body are located in the eye

Processing of visual information is devoted to an entire pair of lobes in the brain, the occipital lobes

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14
Q

what colors can we discern?

A

red, green, and blue

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15
Q

what are eyelids?

A

Shade the eye during sleep

Protect from excessive light and foreign objects

Spread lubricating fluid (tears)

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16
Q

what are eyebrows and eyelashes?

A

Protect the eyes from sweat, foreign objects, direct rays of the sun

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17
Q

what is a lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

Produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears

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18
Q

what are the extrinsic arm muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles that move the eye itself for tracking

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19
Q

what is the conjunctiva?

A

delicate membrane covering the sclera eyeball and the inside of the eyelid, can swell with allergies

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20
Q

what is the cornea?

A

curved, transparent layer of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium used for focusing light (not adjustable)

Lasik surgery alters the curvature of the cornea to improve vision

21
Q

what is the aqueous chamber?

A

located between the cornea and the lens, filled with fluid aqueous humor that nourishes the lens

site where glaucoma occurs (build-up of pressure)

22
Q

what is the vitreous chamber?

A

is located between the lens and the retina and is filled with the jellylike vitreous body (aka vitreous homour) which keeps the retina attached to the underlying layers

23
Q

what is the lens?

A

transparent, crystalline structure made of protein which focuses light on the retina

suspensory ligaments change the shape of the lens near and far vision (accommodation)

25%

24
Q

what is the iris?

A

regulates the diameter of the pupil (autonomic control); contains circular (constriction) and radial (dilation) muscles

25
Q

what is the pupil?

A

where light enters the eyeball

dilates to increase the amount of light

constrict to decrease the amount of light

26
Q

what is the sclera?

A

this tough, connective tissue layer of the eyeball is the “white” of the eye which gives shape to the eyeball by completely surrounding the eye (except for the cornea)

27
Q

what is the retina?

A

contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) which are stimulated by light

note the macula lutea and central fovea (fovea centralis)

28
Q

what are the intrinsic eye muscles?

A

smooth muscle to adjust the curvature of the lens and adjust the diameter of the pupil (radial and circular muscles of the iris)

29
Q

what is the optic disc or blind spot?

A

the site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball

30
Q

what are rods?

A

approximately 120 million; located more on the periphery of the retina for black and white vision in dim light

Discriminates between shades of light and dark

Detects shapes and movement (high numbers in night hunters like cats)

31
Q

what are cones?

A

approximately 6 million for color vision

3 different types of cones each with different pigments: blue, green, and red

Equal stimulation of all three is interpreted as white

Provide visual acuity or resolution (sharpness of vision) in bright light

Most dense in the central fovea of the macula lutea, or the center of the retina

Greatest visual acuity here (high numbers in daylight hunting predatory birds)

32
Q

what is refraction?

A

bending of light rays by the cornea (75%) and the lens to focus on the retina

Images focused on the retina are inverted and have been reversed right /left

The brain relates this information to memories of physical contact with the objects and flips them to the proper orientation

33
Q

what is the accommodation?

A

is the increased curvature of the lens for near vision

The lens is flexible and convex on both sides, as curvature increases, focusing power increases

To view distant objects the lens flattens, to view near objects the suspensory ligament relaxes which causes the lens to bulge

change of lens for projecting on the retina

34
Q

what is near-point accommodation?

A

is the minimum distance you can focus on an object which is approximately 10 cm as a young adult and increases with age presbyopia

The individual monocular visual fields of each eye overlap to produce the binocular visual field, which allows for depth perception and recognition of the three-dimensional structure

35
Q

what is myopia

A

near-sightedness

36
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

far-sightedness

37
Q

what is presbyopia?

A

near point increases with age because the lens loses its elasticity and therefore its ability to accommodate

38
Q

what is the visual field and pathway?

A

retina

optic nerve

optic chiasma (some fibers cross to the other side, some don’t)

optic tracts

the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex

image is actually upside down and reversed and the cerebral cortex has to sort this out

39
Q

what is astigmatism?

A

irregularities in the surface of the cornea

40
Q

what is strabismus?

A

wandering eye; eyes do not track together

children can be treated by patching the good eye

onset in adulthood could be a sign of brain injury or tumor

41
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

rapid, involuntary eye movements

CNS problem or congenital

42
Q

what are cataracts?

A

clouding of the lens, UV exposure, diabetes, smoking
a common cause of blindness due to loss of transparency of the lens (cloudy)

Due to aging, injury, excessive UV-light exposure, medications, diabetes, smoking

The only treatment is the removal of the old one and replacement with an artificial lens

43
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

most common cause of blindness

associated with age and unmanaged diabetes mellitus

abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup of aqueous humor in the eyeball

compresses the lens and puts pressure on retina leading to damage of optic nerve

painless

44
Q

what is macular degeneration?

A

age-related degeneration of the retina where the most concentration of cones for visual acuity is located

retain peripheral vision

no cure

increased incidence of smokers

also genetic

45
Q

what is night blindness?

A

loss of functional rods for detecting dim light or vitamin A deficiency

deficiency leads to loss of rods first

46
Q

what is color blindness?

A

genetic defect resulting in the absence of red or green cones is the most common

sex-linked so more common in males

47
Q

what are the 3 parts of the External Ear?

A
  1. auricle (pinna)
  2. external auditory canal (meatus)
  3. eardrum (tympanic membrane)
48
Q

what is the auricle/pinna?

A

directs sound waves into canal

49
Q

what external auditory canal (meatus)?

A

contains ceruminous glands that secrete ear wax

Ap2 (3 decks)

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