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Ap2 > Intro to nervous system (up to quiz 1) > Flashcards

Intro to nervous system (up to quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

everything else - cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, receptors

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3
Q

what is neurology?

A

The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

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4
Q

what are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory Function - sensory receptors sense stimuli or changes inside and outside the body
  2. Integrative Function - analyzes the sensory information and determines an appropriate response
  3. Motor Function - respond to sensory information (after integration) by initiating glandular secretions or muscle contractions
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5
Q

what is neuroglia?

A

-nerve glue
-support cells
- 50:1 ratio to neurons

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6
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

Support and protect neurons, help to maintain a proper chemical environment for nervous impulses

Assist with the growth and migration of neurons during the development

Help form the blood-brain barrier

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7
Q

what are microglia?

A

Phagocytes, can engulf microbes or injured nerve tissue

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8
Q

what are oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)?

A

Lay down myelin around axons which act as a layer of insulation to speed up the conduction of the nerve impulse

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9
Q

what are the gaps in myelin called?

A

nodes of ranvier

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10
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is found in brain ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space within the meninges

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11
Q

what are neurons?

A

-the functional cell of nervous tissue, impulse-conducting cells
-the capability of becoming electrically excitable
- produce action potentials/electrical impulses in response to stimuli

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12
Q

what are dendrites?

A

short, branching, processes extending from the cell body which functions to receive impulses and conduct these impulses to the cell body

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13
Q

what are axons?

A

long cylindrical process extending from the cell body that conduct impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle fibre or gland cell

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14
Q

what are axon side branches called?

A

axon collaterals

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15
Q

what do axon collaterals turn into?

A

divide into many axon terminals

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16
Q

what are at the end of axon terminals?

A

synaptic-end bulbs that possess synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters

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17
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical substances released from axons that will affect the cell they communicate with (neuron, muscle cell or gland)

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18
Q

what is a synapse?

A

The “contact” between two neurons or between the neuron and the effector (muscle or gland)
the two cells don’t actually touch

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19
Q

what does a neuromuscular junction synapse with?
what about a neuroglandular junction?

A

with a muscle cell and a gland cell

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20
Q

what is an axoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of an axon

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21
Q

what is an axolemma?

A

plasma membrane of an axon

22
Q

a nerve is comprised of what?

A

bundle of myelinated axons in the (PNS) covered with CT covering

23
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of myelinated axons in the central nervous system which lack a protective connective tissue covering

24
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

many dendrites, one axon

most common type in the central nervous system

somatic and autonomic motor neurons

25
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

one dendrite and one axon

found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory area of the brain

26
Q

what are unipolar neurons?

A

one process emerging from the cell body

these are always somatic sensory neurons

27
Q

what are afferent (sensory) neurons?

A

transmit sensory nerve impulses from receptors toward the central nervous system

28
Q

what are interneurons or associated neurons?

A

transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron
-most common type (90%) and located exclusively in the CNS

29
Q

what are efferent (motor) neurons?

A

transmit motor nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors (muscles or glands)

30
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A

through electrical signals called action potentials or nerve impulses

31
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mv
- cytoplasm inside is negatively charged
-extracellular fluid outside is positively charged

32
Q

why is the inside of the cell negative?

A

due to the accumulation of large negatively charged protein molecules (-potassium) on the inside than outside and more (+sodium) on outside
balanced maintained by sodium + potassium pumps

33
Q

what is the threshold for an action potential?

A

-55mv

34
Q

what makes an action potential travel more quickly?

A

if the axon insulated with myelin

35
Q

_______________ are chemicals that bind receptors on other neurons (dendrites) or on effectors such as muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) or glands

A

neurotransmitters

36
Q

what is a chemical synapse?

A

-When a neuron communicates with another neuron via neurotransmitters

-Some neurons within the central nervous system communicate directly via electrical synapses where the axons connect directly to dendrites via gap junctions

37
Q

what is a sensation?

A

is the conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

38
Q

what are exteroceptors?

A

Found on or near the body surface where they detect stimuli from the external environment; eg. visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain

examples relevant corpuscle of touch, Meisner corpuscle, hair root plexuses, Pacinian corpuscles, vibration, thermal, nociceptors- free nerve endings that detect pain

39
Q

what are interceptors?

A

are located within the body and include baroreceptors which detect stretch in smooth muscle and chemoreceptors which detect chemical changes in body fluids

Detect stimuli associated with blood vessels / visceral organs

Impulses produced are only occasionally felt as pain or pressure; otherwise, we are not consciously aware of these sensations

40
Q

what is the role of barorecptors?

A

detect stretch in smooth muscle

41
Q

what is the role of chemoreceptors?

A

detect chemical changes in body fluids

42
Q

what are proprioceptors?

A

located in muscles, tendons, and joints as well as the inner ear

Detect body position and movement through the detection of muscle length & tension and position & movement of joints

These receptors can protect muscles and joints from injury if a muscle is contracting too powerfully

43
Q

what is the role of muscle spindles?

A

detect stretch of a muscle

44
Q

what are Golgi tendons?

A

gives information to CNS regarding the force of contraction or tension in the muscle it is associated with

45
Q

what are joint kinesthetic receptors?

A

acceleration/deceleration of joint, pain

46
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

stretching, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, blood pressure

47
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

temperature

48
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

pain receptors - physical or chemical damage to tissue

acute pain and chronic pain

49
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

light (retina of eye)

50
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids such as blood

eg. pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, hormone levels, glucose levels, etc.

Ap2 (3 decks)

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