Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
Another name for Gustation
A
taste
2
Q
Gustation Def.
A
sensation that results from action of chemicals on taste buds
3
Q
Lingual Papillae
A
- filiform
- foliate
- fungiform
- vacillate
4
Q
Filiform
A
no taste buds, import for food texture
5
Q
Foliate
A
no taste buds, weakly developed in humans
6
Q
Fungiform
A
at tips and sides of tongue
7
Q
Vallate
A
The rear of tongue, contains one-half of all tastebuds.
8
Q
Tatse buds on toung?
A
4,000
9
Q
Total # of tastebuds?
A
10,000
10
Q
All taste buds look like. T/F
A
True
11
Q
Taste pore
A
pit in which the taste hairs project
12
Q
Tatse hairs are ________, Not nuerons
A
epithelial cells
13
Q
Basal cells
A
stems cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days
14
Q
supporting cells
A
resemble taste cells without taste hair, synaptic vesicles, or senrory role
15
Q
To be taste, molecules _______ and flood the taste pore
A
dissolve
16
Q
Five primary sensations
A
- salty
- sweet
- sour
- bitter
- umami
17
Q
salty
A
produced by metal ions ( Na & K )
18
Q
Sweet
A
associated with Carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value
19
Q
sour
A
acids such as in citrus fruits
20
Q
bitter
A
associated with spoiled foods and alkaloids such a nicotine, caffeine, quinine, and morphine
21
Q
Umami
A
“Meaty” taste of amino acids in chicken or beef broth
22
Q
taste is influences by:
A
- Food texture
- aroma
- temperature
- appearance
23
Q
mouth feel
A
dectected by branches of lingual nerve in papilla
24
Q
spicy stimulates _______, Not taste buds
A
free nerve endings (pain)
25
region concetrations
The tip is the most sensitive to sweet
Edgest to salt and sour
the rear is too bitter
26
two mechanism of action
- activate second- messenger system
- depolarize cells directly
27
Facial Nerve
collect sensory information from tastebuds over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
28
Glossopharyngeal nerve
collect sensory information from tastebuds from posterior one-third of tounge
29
Vagus nerve
collect sensory information from tastebuds of palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
30
Another name for olfaction
smell
31
how many cells does the Olfactory mucosa have
10 to 20 million olfactory cell
32
how much room is used for olfactory
5 cm2
33
on average how many odors are distingues
2,000 to 4,000
34
Olfactory cells are:
nuerons
35
olfactory are shapped like
bowling pins
36
Humans have a _____ sense of smell than most other mammals
poorer
37
_________ are more sensitive to odors than ________
women, men
38
Hearing
a response to vibrating air molecules
39
Equilibrium
the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance
40
what is sound?
audible vibration of molecules
41
Pitch
- frequency of sound
- measured in Hz
42
Loudness
- intensity/ Amplification of vibration
- measured in decibels
43
Parts of the ear
- external ear
- Middle ear
- Internal ear
44
External ear parts
- Helix
- Auricle
- earlobe
45
Middle ear parts
- Tympanic membrane
- Eustachian tube
- Auditory Ossicles
46
Auditory Ossicles
- Malleus (Hammer)
- Incus (Anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
47
Inner Ear
- bony oval window
- bony labyrinth
- Choclea
48
Bony Labyrinth
- membranous labyrinth
- Perilymph
- Vestibule
49
Cochlea
hearing organ
- scala vestibuli (top)
- Scala tympani (bottom)
50
Organ of Corti
- Hair cells
- Supporting cells
51
how do we keep our balance
Vestibular apparatus
52
Vestibular apparatus
- semicircular ducts
- angular acceleration
- Saccule and Utricle
- static equilibrium
- linear acceleration
53
Sense organ
specialized structure that is involved in detecting and transmitting sensory information to the brain
54
Receptor
located in cells or tissues that can detect and respond to a specific chemical or physical stimulus in the internal or external environmen
55
Accessory tissue
refers to any tissue or structure that supports or assists in the functioning of an organ but is not a part of that organ.
56
Stimulus
any physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment of an organism that can elicit a response.
57
transducer
transducer is a specialized sensory receptor that converts a specific type of environmental energy into an electrical signal that can be processed by the nervous system
58
receptor potential
graded electrical potential that is generated by a sensory receptor cell in response to a stimulus
59
Sensation
process by which sensory receptors detect and respond to stimuli from the environment,
60
General Senses
senses that are widely distributed throughout the body and include touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception
61
Special Senses
senses that have specialized organs for their detection, which include vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance
62
Modalities
refer to the different types of sensations that can be perceived by sensory receptors.
63
What are the 5 main modalities
- Vision (sight)
- Hearing (sound)
- Smell (olfaction)
- Taste (gustation)
- Touch (tactile sense)
64
Intensity
the strength or magnitude of a stimulus, such as the brightness of a light or the loudness of a sound.
65
receptive field
specific region in space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the activity of the receptor cell
66
ability to distinguish between two separate stimuli applied to the skin at the same time.
ability to distinguish between two separate stimuli applied to the skin at the same time.
67
sensory projection
the process by which the brain interprets sensory input and creates a conscious experience of the environment.
68
projection pathway
neural pathway that carries sensory information from the periphery to the cerebral cortex, where it is perceived as a specific sensation.
69
thermoreceptor
sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature. They are located in the skin, hypothalamus, and other organs
70
Photoreceptor
specialized sensory cells found in the retina of the eye that detect light and convert it into electrical signals.
71
Nociceptor
detects and responds to potentially harmful or damaging stimuli, such as extreme temperatures, chemical irritants, and mechanical pressure.
72
Chemoreceptor
stimulated by the presence of specific chemicals in the environment or in the body. They are responsible for detecting changes in the levels of various chemicals such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood, and for triggering physiological responses to these changes
73
mechanreceptor
receptors that are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, stretch, vibration, and touch. They are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, muscles, joints, and inner ear.
74
Exteroreceptor
responsible for detecting stimuli that arise from outside of the body, such as light, sound, touch, temperature, and chemicals. Exteroceptors are located in the skin, mucous membranes, and sense organs such as the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue.
75
Interoreptor
also known as visceral receptors, are sensory receptors located in internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles that detect changes in the body's internal environment, such as pressure, temperature, and chemical composition.
76
Unencapsulated nerve ending
sensory receptors that are not surrounded by connective tissue or other specialized structures. They are simple, bare nerve endings that are free to interact directly with their environment.
77
Encapsulated nerve ending
sensory receptors that are surrounded or encapsulated by specialized connective tissue structures. This encapsulation provides additional support and protection to the nerve ending, as well as enhances its sensitivity to specific types of stimuli.
78
Iontrophic
involves the use of a small electrical current to deliver ions into the body through the skin.
79
Metabotropic
also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are a type of receptor found in cell membranes that are involved in signal transduction pathways
80
Equilibrium
refers to a state of balance or stability, particularly in relation to the body's sense of balance and spatial orientation
81
Olfaction
refers to the sense of smell. It is one of the special senses, along with vision, hearing, taste, and touch.
82
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors
Rods: responsible for vision in low light conditions, such as at night
Cones: responsible for color vision and vision in brighter light conditions
83
Know the main properties and characteristics of receptors.
84
3. Compare special and general senses based on their location.
Special: localized in specific organs or structures that are dedicated to a particular sensory function
General: distributed throughout the body and provide information about touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception
85
What set of nerves from the PNS are the special senses innervated by?
The special senses are innervated by specific cranial nerves that arise from the central nervous system
86
how do large receptor field differ from a small receptive field. What was the significance of this?
Large: have a broader area of sensitivity. This means that a single receptor is responsible for detecting stimuli from a larger region of the body
Small: ave a more localized area of sensitivity. Each receptor is responsible for detecting stimuli from a smaller and more specific region of the body.
The significance of these differences in receptive field size is that they directly affect our ability to detect, localize, and discriminate between different sensory stimuli.
87
What are the three ways intensity can be measured?
- Visual Intensity
- Auditory Intenisty
- Tactile intensity
88
Describe how sensory adaptation works and think of some examples
process by which sensory receptors become less responsive to a continuous or constant stimulus over time. It involves a decrease in the sensitivity of the sensory system to a particular stimulus, resulting in reduced perception or awareness of that stimulus
89
What is the difference between phasic and tonic receptors? What do each of these sense?
Phasic: specialized for detecting changes in the environment and exhibit a rapid adaptation to sustained stimuli. They are crucial for detecting new or important sensory information
Tonic: receptors provide continuous and ongoing sensory input, allowing us to monitor the status and duration of a stimulus. They contribute to our overall sensory perception and awareness of the environment.
90
Difference between tactile (Meissner’s corpuscles) and tactile discs?
tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles) are encapsulated receptors that are sensitive to light touch and changes in stimuli. They have a rapid adaptation rate and are located close to the skin surface. Tactile discs (Merkel discs), on the other hand, are non-encapsulated free nerve endings that are sensitive to sustained pressure and provide information about the texture and shape of objects.
91
know what each of type of general receptors sense and if they are encapsulated or unencapsulated.
92
Why is pain important for survival?
serves as a protective mechanism and helps us avoid potential harm or injury.
- Injury Detection
- Avoidance of danger
- Learning and memory
- Medical diagnosis
93
What is the cause of diabetic neuropathy?
type of nerve damage that can occur as a complication of diabetes. It is primarily caused by prolonged high levels of blood sugar (glucose) associated with diabetes.
94
What are the two types of pain?
Acute pain: Acute pain is temporary and typically arises from a specific injury or condition.
Chronic pain: Chronic pain is persistent and lasts for a prolonged period, typically for more than three to six months.
95
What substances can be released to stimulate pain receptors? Which one of these can actually decrease pain?
Stimulate: Prostaglandins, Bradykinin, Histamine
Decrease: Endorphins
96
What is referred pain and what does it originate from?
phenomenon where pain is felt in a location that is different from the actual source of the pain. It occurs when sensory signals from internal organs or deep structures are mistakenly perceived as originating from a different area of the body that shares nerve pathways with the actual source of pain.
97
How does the methyl salicylate in ICY HOT decrease muscle soreness?
a topical analgesic and counterirritant. It works by providing a cooling and warming sensation on the skin, which can help alleviate muscle soreness and pain
98
What is the main difference between morphine, heroin, cocaine and endogenous opioids? How do these relieve pain?
99
Can taste buds be observed on the mouth? What are you actually seeing?
Papillae are small raised bumps on the surface of the tongue that contain clusters of taste buds.
100
How does the taste hair relate to the taste bud
Taste hairs, also known as taste microvilli, are tiny hair-like projections that extend from the taste receptor cells within the taste bud. They are responsible for detecting and capturing taste molecules in the mouth.
101
How does the taste pore relate to the taste bud
The taste pore is an opening located on the surface of the taste bud. It allows the taste molecules dissolved in saliva to enter the taste bud and come into contact with the taste receptor cells. The taste pores are the entry points for taste stimuli.
102
How do the supporting cells relate to the taste bud
specialized cells found within the taste bud. They surround and provide structural support to the taste receptor cells. Support cells also help maintain the proper functioning of the taste bud by regulating the environment and protecting the taste receptor cells.
103
How do the basal cells relate to the taste bud
responsible for the regeneration and replacement of taste receptor cells. Basal cells continuously divide and differentiate into new taste receptor cells to replenish the taste bud's population.
104
What are the only neurons in the body directly exposed to the outside environment?
olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are the only neurons in the body that are directly exposed to the outside environment. ocated in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and are responsible for detecting and transducing odorant stimuli into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain
105
What two different ways can an odorant molecule travel through the mucus membrane?
- Orthonasal Olfaction: This is the most common pathway for odorant molecules. In orthonasal olfaction, the odorant molecules enter the nasal cavity during inhalation and dissolve in the mucus layer.
- Retronasal Olfaction: This pathway is associated with the perception of flavors. During eating or drinking, volatile odorant molecules are released from the food or beverage in the mouth.
106
What type of fluid does the perilymph mimic? What ion is in high concentration?
- The perilymph fluid in the inner ear mimics the composition of extracellular fluid, particularly the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- high concentration of sodium ions (Na+
107
What type of fluid does the endolymph mimic? What ion is in high concentration?
- endolymph fluid in the inner ear mimics the composition of intracellular fluid. It is the fluid that fills the scala media, the third fluid-filled chamber in the cochlea of the inner ear.
- high concentration of potassium ions (K+).
108
What are the two types of deafness? How do they affect the ear? Think of some examples that could contribute to hearing damage.
- Conductive Deafness: occurs when there is a problem with the conduction of sound waves through the outer or middle ear. results from conditions that affect the ear canal, eardrum, or middle ear structures, such as earwax blockage, middle ear infections, perforated eardrum, or abnormalities in the ossicles
- Sensorineural Deafness: This type of deafness occurs due to damage or malfunctioning of the inner ear structures or the auditory nerve. It can result from various factors, including aging, prolonged exposure to loud noise, genetic factors, certain medications, infections, head trauma, and diseases like Meniere's disease
109
What is the function of the tip link proteins in the ear?
tip link proteins play a crucial role in the transduction of mechanical stimuli (sound vibrations) into electrical signals in the inner ear. They act as a link between adjacent stereocilia, allowing for the opening of ion channels and the generation of electrical signals in response to sound.
110
How is the action potential event with hearing and equilibrium different than the other examples we have talked about?
key difference between these action potential events in hearing and equilibrium compared to other sensory systems lies in the specialized structures involved, such as the cochlea, hair cells, and vestibular organs.
111
When are the sacculi and utricle used for equilibrium and what are the semicircular ducts involved with?
The saccule primarily detects vertical movements, such as changes in head position when moving up or down or during gravitational changes. The utricle, on the other hand, is more involved in detecting horizontal movements, such as changes in head position when moving forward or backward
The semicircular ducts, also part of the vestibular system, are responsible for detecting rotational movements of the head.
112
What is the importance of the otiliths? What are they made of?
- Gravity Detection: The otoliths provide weight and mass to the otolithic membrane, making it more responsive to changes in head position with respect to gravity
- Linear Acceleration Detection: The otoliths respond to linear acceleration, such as when we are moving in a straight line or undergoing changes in speed
- primarily calcium carbonate, which is the same mineral found in structures like seashells and limestone
113
Know the major events included in the process of taste, smell, and hearing
- Stimulus Detection
- Transduction
- Sensory Nerve Signals
- Brain Processing:
114
Know the mechanisms for taste
- Taste Bud
- Taste Receptor Cells
- Cranial Nerves
115
Know the mechanisms for smell
- Olfactory Epithelium
- Olfactory Receptor Cells
- Olfactory Nerve
116
Know the mechanisms for hearing
- Outter ear
- Middle ear
- Inner ear
117
Know the mechanisms for equillibrium
- Vestibular Apparatus
- Hair Cells
- Vestibular Nerve
118
What does the outter ear do?
Collects and directs sound waves toward the eardrum.
119
What does the middle ear do?
Includes the eardrum and ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations.
120
What does the outer ear do?
houses the cochlea, hair cells, Auditory Nerve
121
Tears are stored in the what? released when? and then collected again in what structure?
- stored in the lacrimal gland
- Tears are released when the lacrimal gland is stimulated, usually in response to emotions, irritants, or eye dryness.
- drain into small openings called lacrimal puncta
122
What is the purpose of the cornea?
- Light Refraction
- Protection
- Transmission of Light
- Nerve Sensitivity
123
Know the three different tunicas and which structures they are associated with.
- Fibrous Tunic: utermost layer of the eyeball and consists of two structures: the cornea and the sclera.
- Vascular Tunic (Uveal Tract):the middle layer of the eyeball and consists of three structures: the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
- Interna Tunic (Retina): innermost layer of the eyeball. It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light and initiate the process of vision.
124
Know the parts of the optical apparatus?
- Cornea
- Aqueous Humor
- Lens
- Ciliary Muscles and Ciliary Body
- Vitreous Humor
- Retina
- Optic Nerve
125
How is the lens related to the retina?
while the lens helps to focus light onto the retina, the retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain. They work together to form clear and sharp images of the visual world.
126
What part of the retina has the highest concentration of receptors? Least?
highest concentration of receptors is the central region called the fovea centralis or simply the fovea.
peripheral regions of the retina, away from the fovea, have a lower concentration of receptors.
127
What muscles are involved in pupil dilation?
radial muscles of the iris, also known as the dilator pupillae muscles. These muscles are found in the iris, which is the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil
128
how does Presbyopia affect the lens
age-related condition in which the lens loses its flexibility and ability to change shape, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects. It occurs as a natural part of the aging process.
129
how does hyperopia affect the lens
ocurs when the eyeball is shorter than normal or the curvature of the cornea is too flat. As a result, light entering the eye focuses behind the retina instead of directly on it. This causes nearby objects to appear blurry, while distant objects may be clearer.
130
how does myopia affect the lens
occurs when the eyeball is longer than normal or the curvature of the cornea is too steep. In this condition, light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina instead of directly on it. As a result, distant objects appear blurry, while nearby objects may be clearer.
131
how does astigmatism affect the lens
condition in which the curvature of the cornea or lens is uneven, causing light to be focused unevenly on the retina. This results in distorted or blurred vision, both at close and distant ranges.
132
Explain how the rods allow us to see (night-time).
the high sensitivity, convergence, and black and white vision of rod cells enable us to see in low-light conditions, although with reduced visual acuity and color discrimination compared to daylight vision mediated by cone cells.
133
41. Understand how light travels through the retina.
light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil, passes through the lens to focus on the retina, where it stimulates the photoreceptor cells. The resulting electrical signals are then transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain, where visual processing and perception occur.
134
external anatomy
- eyebrows
- palpebrae ( eyelids)
- conjunctiva
- lacrimal apparatus
135
what parts make up the eye?
- Tunics
- optical apparatus
- Neural apparatus
136
what is the optical apparatus?
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- Lens
- Vitreous body
137
changes in pupil size happen when..
light intensity changes
138
what does the lens do?
Refraction
- cornea does more bending
- Lens fine-tunes image
139
The structure that gets damaged the most by the sun is...
the cornea, proteins affected by the uv (Cataracs)
140
what is glaucoma
a group of eye diseases that can lead to blindness. By damaging the optic nerve
141
what visual pigments are found in rods and cones?
Rods:
- rhodopsin: opsin, retinal proteins
Cones:
- photopin
- three types: red, blue, green
