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BIO 201 > Periphial Nervous System > Flashcards

Periphial Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Know the anatomy of a transverse section of the spinal cord and the associated functions.

A

Gray Matter: Horns
White Matter: Roots
Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs

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2
Q

What is the pathway of an ascending signal? Descending signal?

A

Asc:
Sensory receptor, Sensory neuron, Ascending pathway
Des:
Motor cortex,
Descending pathway,
Motor neuron

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3
Q

decussation

A

crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other

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4
Q

hemidecussation

A

nerve fibers from one side of the body cross over to the opposite side

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5
Q

contralateral

A

the opposite side of the body or the opposite hemisphere of the brain

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6
Q

ipsilateral

A

the same side of the body

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7
Q

What is a plexi? What is its importance? Where are they found?

A

network of nerves that come from the branching of several individual nerves.
The importance of plexuses lies in their ability to provide more efficient and effective innervation to a specific area of the body.
Found through out body/spine

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8
Q

What are the four characteristic of a reflex?

A

Involuntary
Quick
Protective
Needs stimulus

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9
Q

Know the pathway of a somatic reflex.

A
  • Sensory receptor stimulus
  • Sensory neuron
  • Interneuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Response
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10
Q

What is the function of the muscle spindle?

A

detect changes in muscle length and velocity of stretch

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11
Q

What is the difference between intrafusal vs extrafusal fibers?

A

Extra: fibers generate the force required for muscle contraction
Intra: fibers detect changes in muscle length

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12
Q

what is the autonomic nervous
system funtion

A

The PNS division that regulates the body’s involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the main effector organ for the somatic motor division?

A

the skeletal muscle

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14
Q

what Nuerotransmitters do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems use

A

PSNS: acetylcholine
SNS: norepinephrine and epinephrine

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15
Q

The dorsal horns of the spinal cord bring in ________information

A

Sensory

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16
Q

The ventral horn of the spinal cord puts out________information

A

motor

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17
Q

Where are the lateral horns located on the spinal cord? What are they associated with?

A

located in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord
associated with the SNS

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18
Q

How is a nerve packaged? What is the outermost layer that covers the entire nerve? What is the layer that covers the bundle/fascicles? What is the layer that covers a nerve fiber?

A

Epineurium - outermost cover the entire nerve
Perineurium - covers the bundle/fascicles
Endoneurium - covers each individual nerve fiber

19
Q
  1. Know the 5 parts of a reflex in order
A

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector

20
Q

What are the different types of Muscle spindles

A

Nuclear bag fibers:
Nuclear chain fibers:

21
Q
  1. What are the 5 general characteristics of a somatic reflex?
A

Involuntary
Rapid
Stereotyped
Polysynaptic
Localized

22
Q
  1. What is the thoracolumbar division? What part of the autonomic nervous system is this associated with?
A

associated with the SNS, which is responsible for activating the body’s response to flight or fight

23
Q
  1. What are the three pre-synaptic pathways that leave the thoracolumbar division? What are their target organs?
A

paravertebral - target organs located in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen
prevertebral - target organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities
adrenal medulla- target organs throughout the body to promote the fight or flight response.

24
Q
  1. Where are the adrenal glands found?
A

located on top of the kidneys, one on each side

25
Q
  1. What division of the autonomic nervous system is the craniosacral region of the spinal cord associated with?
A

The PSNS

26
Q
  1. What does the enteric nervous system control?
A

controls the function of the GI tract and regulating the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones

27
Q
  1. Which division of the motor nervous system has polysynaptic pathways? Monosynaptic?
A

Somatic
Mono- involves only one synapse between the sensory and motor neurons
poly- involves one or more interneurons in addition to the sensory and motor neurons,

28
Q
  1. Sympathetic pre ganglionic fibers are _______and post ganglionic fibers are ________, where as parasympathetic pre ganglionic fibers are _________and post ganglionic fibers are _________. Why is this?
A

Short, Long
Long, Short
SNS fibers are located close to the spinal cord while PSNS fibers are located close to the target organ

29
Q
  1. What do cholinergic fibers secrete? What do adrenergic fibers secrete?
A

Chol: acetylcholine (ACh)
Adren: norepinephrine (NE)

30
Q
  1. Where are cholinergic fibers found? Where are adrenergic fibers found?
A

Chol: both the somatic and autonomic NS
Adren: primarily in the sympathetic nervous system

31
Q
  1. What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? What neurotransmitter do they respond to? Where are they found? Do they excite or inhibit?
A

nicotinic: ACh, found in the neuromuscular junction, ecitation of the postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell.
muscarinic: ACh, found in the parasympathetic nervous system, excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron,

32
Q
  1. List out all 4 types of adrenergic receptors. What neurotransmitter do they respond to? Do they excite or inhibit? List example of specific function of target tissue.
A

Alpha 1: constriction
Alpha 2: ease of norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters.
Beta 1:increase in heart rate
Beta 2 : relaxation of smooth muscle

33
Q
  1. Explain dual innervation Do all organs have dual innervations?
A

where an organ is innervated by both the ANS and PSNS, not all orangs are dual

34
Q
  1. What ANS system is stimulated by meth? What are 3 signs of meth mouth?
A

The SNS
- Bruxism
-Poor oral hygiene
-hyposalivation

35
Q
  1. What four parts of the brain are involved in autonomic nervous system control?
A

Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Midbrain
Cerebral Cortex

36
Q

Where do both Ascending and Descending tracts decussate?

A

The Medulla

37
Q

What is the function of the golgi tendon

A

detect changes in muscle tension and force generated during muscular contractions

38
Q

Which muscle fiber is most common? Intrao or extra

A

Extrafusal

39
Q

Intrafusal is located in the ________

A

Muscle Spindle

40
Q

Intrafusal is innervated by _____ Motor neurons, while extrafusal is innervated by _____ motor neurons.

A

Gamma, Alpha

41
Q

What does the ANS include?

A

two main divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

42
Q

What do the 2 types adrenal glands secrete?

A

Outer cortex- cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
Inner medulla- epinephrine and norepinephrine

43
Q

antagonist and agonistic effects.

A

Agon: Both divisions work together
Antag: they work against each other

BIO 201 (3 decks)

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