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SPECIAL SENSES > SPECIAL SENSE OF HEARING > Flashcards

SPECIAL SENSE OF HEARING Flashcards

1
Q

External ear: has the following structures:

A

The ear pinna or auricle
The external auditory meatus
The tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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2
Q

The middle ear is an air filled cavity connected to the _________ by the ___________

A

Nasopharynx , Eustachian Tube

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3
Q

The middle ear has which structures

A
  • 3 small bony ossicles (malleus, Incus and Stapes)
  • 2 Nerves ( Facial Nerve and Chorda Tympani a branch of the Facial nerve)
  • 2 skeletal muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius muscles)
  • foramens (foramen ovale or oval window and the foramen rotandum or round window)
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4
Q

The 3 small bony ossicles or auditory ossicles in the middle ear are?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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5
Q

The 2 nerves in the middle ear are?

A

Facial Nerve and Chorda Tympani a branch of the Facial nerve

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6
Q

The 2 skeletal muscles in the middle ear are?

A

Tensor Tympani and Stapedius Muscles

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7
Q

The 2 Foramen in the middle ear are?

A

Foramen Ovale and Foramen Rotundum

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8
Q

The inner ear consist of

A

cochlea ( sense organ for hearing)

Vestibular (sense organ for Equilibrium)

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9
Q

The Cochlea is a coil bony tube that turns around a central bony core called _________

A

Modiolus

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10
Q

The coil bony tube of the Cochlea is about _____mm long and makes ___ turns around a central bony core called the Modiolus

A

35mm long

2 ¾ turn

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11
Q

A thin bony projection that winds round the modiolus is called?

A

spiral lamina

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12
Q

the spiral lamina winds round the modiolus and forms 2 membranes called

A

Basilar membrane

Vestibular Membrane

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13
Q

The Vestibular Membrane and Basilar membrane divide the cochlea into 3 compartments :

  1. Scala _______
  2. Scala _______
  3. Scala _______
A
  1. Scala Vestibuli
  2. Scala Media
  3. Scala Tympani
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14
Q

Scala Tympani and Vestibuli contain ______1____

Scala Media_____2____

A
  1. PERILYMPH

2. ENDOLYMPH

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15
Q

Scala Media end at the apex of the cochlea as a _____1____

but it communicates at its base with the ____2___

A
  1. BLIND SAC
  2. VESTIBULAR APPARATUS ( THE ORGAN OF EQUILIBRUIM)

NB:- THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS ( THE ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM) IS FORMED BY
1. utricle,
2 saccule
3. semicircular canals (there are 3 in number)

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16
Q

The scala vestibuli ends at the ________

A

Foramen Ovale

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17
Q

The scala tympani ends at the ___________

A

Foramen Rotundum

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18
Q

Scala Tympani and Vestibuli communicate with each other at the apex of the cochlea through a small opening called the ________________

A

HELICOTREMA

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19
Q

________is the receptor organ for hearing.

A

ORGAN OF CORTI

NB:

  1. It is the neuroepithelial structure in the cochlea
  2. It lies on the basilar membrane,
  3. extend in a spiral shape from the base to the apex of the cochlea
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20
Q

The Organ of Corti are formed by

A

Hair cells ( Inner and Outter)

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21
Q

The Organ of Corti is formed of 2 sets of hair cells (auditory receptors) that rest on supporting (or phalangeal) cells and are separated by the ___________ in each cochlea

A

tunnel of corti

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22
Q

The hair cells are arranged in 4 rows; 3 rows of __________ and 1 row of _________

A

outer hair cells, inner hair cells.

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23
Q

In each cochlea, there are about __________ inner hair cells

A

3500 inner hair cells

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24
Q

In each cochlea, there are about __________ Outer hair cells

A

20,000 outer hair cells

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25
Q

There are______ junctions b/w the hair cells and the Supporting cells phalangeal cells

A

Tide Junctions

26
Q

The processes of the hair cells are bathed in ___1___ whereas there bases are bathed in perilymth ____2___

A
  1. Endolymph

2. Perilymph

27
Q

The hair cell in the ORGAN OF CORTI signals

A

HEARING

28
Q

The hair cells in the UTRICLE signals

A

HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION

29
Q

The hair cells in the SACCULUS signals

A

VERTICAL ACCELERATION

30
Q

The hair cells in the THREE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS signals

A

ROTATIONAL ACCELERATION

31
Q

The Inner hair cells are the MAIN SOURCE of _________ in auditory (VIII) nerve

A

Afferent Signal

32
Q

The outer hair cells are the MAIN SOURCE of _________

A

Efferent Signal

33
Q

The Auditory pathway begins in the ___1____ of the medulla and ends with the ___2____, which run from the thalamus to ____3___.

A
  1. cochlear nucleus
  2. auditory radiations
  3. auditory cortex
34
Q

Decussation (Crossing over ) is a prominent feature of the auditory pathway because ?

A

most structures in the auditory pathway will be receiving input from both ears.

35
Q

Decussation (Crossing over ) is clearly important for our ability to ______

A

localize sound.

i.e receiving input from both ears.

36
Q

_______ refers to the relationship between the spatial location of nerve fibers along the cochlea and the characteristic frequency (CF) or best frequency (BF) of the fiber.

A

Tonotopic Organization

37
Q

Auditory nerve fibers (these are in the auditory periphery, not the CNS) show very ___1___

while

Neurons in central auditory system, on the other hand, are ____2____

A
  1. little specialization

2. very specialized

38
Q

The technique used to measure the electrical signals that are generated from the firing of neurons along the auditory pathway is called ?

A

Auditory evoked response (AER) or Evoked response audiometry (ERA).

39
Q

The specific use of the Auditory evoked response (AER) or Evoked response audiometry (ERA) technique to measure the brain stem portion of this pathway is called?

A

Brain stem evoked response (BSER).

40
Q

________ is the sensation produced when longitudinal vibrations of the molecules in the external environment

A

Sound Waves

41
Q

Sound waves travels in air at a speed of approximately ____________ at __________ at sea level

A

344m/s (770miles/h) at 20oC

42
Q

Speed of sound increases with

A

temperature and altitude

43
Q

The speed of sound is greater in

A

salt water

44
Q

The loudness of sound is correlated with:

A

Amplitude
Pitch
Frequency

45
Q

The greater the amplitude __________

A

the louder the sound

46
Q

the greater the frequency ______

A

the higher the pitch

47
Q

The intensity of sound is measured in

A

Bel

48
Q

a decibel is _________

A

0.1 bel

49
Q

_____ of the sound in created in environment is mea-sured in units named decibels (dB).

A

Intensity

50
Q

_______ is an electronic generator of a sound frequencies at different intensities.

A

Audiometer

51
Q

_______ enables to obtain a graphical record of hea-ring loss for right and left ears.

A

Audiometry

52
Q

_______ of the sound in created in environment is mea-sured in units named decibels (dB).

A

INTENSITY

53
Q

The most common hearing disorders are those that affect _______

A

hearing sensitivity

54
Q

When a sound is presented to a listener with a hearing sensitivity disorder, one of 2 things may occur and does things are?

A
  1. The listener with a HS disorder may be unable to detect the sound.
  2. The sound will not be as loud to that listener as it would be to a listener with normal hearing.
55
Q

Hearing disorders can be classified into four:

A
  1. Nature of the loss
  2. Functional Classification
  3. Cause of Disorder
56
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Itenables to obtain a graphical record of hea-ring loss for right and left ears.

57
Q

What is audiometer?

A

is an electronic generator of a sound frequencies at different intensities.

58
Q

What is Auditory evoked response (AER) or Evoked response audiometry (ERA)?

A

The technique used to measure the electrical signals that are generated from the firing of neurons along the auditory pathway

59
Q

Brain stem evoked response (BSER)

A

The specific use of the Auditory evoked response (AER) or Evoked response audiometry (ERA) technique to measure the brain stem portion of this pathway

60
Q

Tonotopic Organization

A

the relationship between the spatial location of nerve fibers along the cochlea and the characteristic frequency (CF) or best frequency (BF) of the fiber.

SPECIAL SENSES (2 decks)

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