Special Populations Flashcards
What are factors that may affect physical fitness?
- Age
- Gender
- Physique/body type
- Diet
- Fitness level
- Activity level
- Illness
- Drugs
- Stress
- Environment such as temperature
What is blood pooling?
Occurs when the blood is unable to pump back up to the heart -> pools/collects in legs, ankles, and feet
This can occur due to lack of an effective cool down - due to sudden and abrupt stop of exercise and vigorous contraction of muscles. Meaning that blood pools in lower extremities -> leaving blood without as much pressure to be pumped back to the heart and brain.
Name some key role boundaries for special populations?
- Any medical conditions must be signed off by doctor prior to participation - work with a specialist instructor may be required
- Apparent healthy individuals with no special conditions can participate with appropriate adaptations
- To work with any special population on a regular basis requires additional qualifications
Define disability
‘An umbrella term covering impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions’ - (WHO)
What is an impairment?
A problem in body function or structure
What is an activity limitation?
A difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action
What is a participation restriction?
A problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations
Give examples of 3 types of disabilities
- Wheelchair users
- Blindness or partial sightedness
- Deafness or partial hearing
- Down’s syndrome
- Stroke
- Obesity
- Arthritic conditions
- Mental health conditions
- Cancer
- HIV
- Limb amputation
- Fibromyalgia
- Cerebral palsy
What does the Equality Act (2010) regard?
Service providers must anticipate the needs of disabled clients and make reasonable changes to accommodate these
How will exercise selection differ for individuals with a disability?
Determined by specific needs
- Simplify exercise positions
- Reduce intensity ( lower reps, lower resistance, appropriate range of motion, controlled rate)
- Modified exercise positions and modalities - individuals with wheelchairs, physical or functional limitations or issues with balance
How may your teaching style vary for individuals with disability?
Teaching styles and methods will need to accomodate specific needs
- Clarity of verbal instructions
- Clarity of demonstrations - face person, speak clearly
- Appropriate engagement and encouragement
What health and safety aspects may be considered when training with an individual with a disability?
- Consideration to entry and access of facilities
- Safe evacuation procedures in emergencies
- Respect for other legislation - safeguarding etc.
What guidelines should be considered when training young people?
- Growth-related issues
- Flexibility
- Stage of anatomical and physiological development
- Suitability of equipment
What may be avoided to prevent growth-related issues?
- Excessive training - too much of one sport
- Playing the wrong sport for their body type
- Using weights that are too heavy during resistance training
- Inappropriate size matching in pairs
- Excessive stationary high-impact moves
What should we aim to always do to prevent growth-related issues?
- Teach an appropriate warm-up and cool-down
- Provide appropriate equipment for the activity (correct size, weight, etc)
- Focus on technique before intensity or complexity
What is the importance of stretching for young people?
The aim should be to stretch only to the point of mild tension and to avoid overstretching
- During growth spurts, muscle growth does not keep up with bone growth rates
- The soft tissue around the joints is already stretched thus risk of injury is increased
Why should young people avoid high-intensity training?
- Lower cardiac output and stroke volume
- Higher heart rate and respiratory rate
- Lower blood pressure
How can young people avoid increased risk of heat stress and dehydration?
- Ensuring adequate hydration (promotes cognitive impairment)
- Low intensity or varied warm-up
- Incorporating active rests in between bouts of vigorous activity
What are the exercise guidelines for young people?
Frequency
Aerobic - everyday
Strength - 3 times a week
Bone strengthening - 3 days a week
Intensity
Moderate to vigorous intensity of aerobic exercise
Time
60 Mins
Type
Cardio - swim, dance, cycle, run, walk
Strength - climbing trees, resistance exercises
Bone strengthening - jump, run, skip, games (such as tennis basketball etc)
What are the exercise guidelines for pre and postnatal clients in terms of things to avoid?
- Exercising in the supine position after 16 weeks
- Prolonged, motionless standing
- Heavy, uncontrolled, isometric or prolonged resistance work above the head
- Led adduction and abduction against resistance
- Loaded forward flexion
- Rapid changes of direction, position and uncontrolled twisting
- Exercise with a risk of falling or abdominal trauma
- Excessive and uncontrolled de-stabilisation techniques
- Abdominal exercises (focus on posture and pelvic floor)
What are some guidelines for pre and postnatal clients?
- Emphasise correct posture
- Make movements slower and more controlled, lower reps
- Use full range of motion mobility exercises to warm up
- Build up intensity of movements much more gradually to avoid sudden increase to BP
- Use supported stretch positions and move to a comfortable range of motion
- Use ow to moderate intensity and low impact
- Maintain adequate hydration
- Avoid exercise when hot/humid
- Include exercises for pelvic floor muscles
What should we consider about physical activity in regards to older adults?
- Reduced muscular strength and endurance
- Reduced co-ordination & movement speed
- Reduced flexibility and range of motion
- Reduced balance, co-ordination and postural stability
- Bones less resilient to stress and more susceptible to fracture
- Stiffer, less mobile joints and reduced shock absorption
- Lower MHR and THR and lower anaerobic threshold
- Slower recovery rate
What are some guidelines for young adults when participating in physical activity?
- Longer, more gradual warm-up and cool down.
- More mobility exercises
- Sower, controlled simpler movements
- Focus on posture and correct technique
- Lower impact and intensity
- Longer, more gradually tapared cool-down after aerobic training component
- More time for transitions - floor to stand etc
- Avoid extreme spinal flexion
- Strengthen postural muscles, pelvic floor and potential fracture sites.
