Special Chemistry Flashcards
< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2
> gamma
chronic inflammation
«_space;albumin
» alpha 2
N/> beta
«_space;gamma
nephrotic syndrome
< albumin
» gamma
bridging
hepatic cirrhosis
«_space;albumin
> alpha 2
< gamma
PLE
< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2
acute inflammation
< albumin
»> gamma
monoclonal gammopathy
3 types of protenuria
glomerular
tubular
nonspecific
forces acting on a molecule
Felec = QV
Q = charge on the particle
V = electrical field (volts or volts per centimeter)
Felec = electrical force, makes the particle move
Resistance = difficulty a particle encounters moving through a medium
Fresistance = fv
f = proportionality constant; frictional coefficient, determined by the viscosity of the medium and size and shape of the particle
v = velocity
buffer solution pH
8.6
acid alcohol solution
fixative
The ——- will determine the density of each band for each patient and calculate the % of the total protein represented by each band.
densitometer
decrease in the production of α1- antitrypsin or the absence of the production of α1-antitrypsin
Excess proteinases in the lung tissue leads to destruction of the alveolar walls which causes emphysema, this is a genetic defect
haptoglobin may migrate with…
alpha-2 macroglobulin
transports lipids, cholesterol, and hormones; thin irregular band, which may migrate differently between patients depending upon its concentration
B-lipoprotein
transferrin
C3
fibrinogen
B zone
Must concentrate urine —-fold before electrophoresis (won’t see them otherwise)
100
An MS patient may exhibit oligoclonal bands … found in the gamma zone
in CSF but not in serum
at least two bands seen in the CSF with no corresponding band present in the serum
oligoclonal bands
CSF Index =
normal
CSF IgG/CSF Albumin(serum albumin/serum IgG)
normal <0.66
indicates status of BBB
CSF index
pH gradient is achieved by mixing amphoteric polyaminocarboxylic acids (carrier ampholytes)
proteins move through the medium at each pH zone until it reaches a pH zone equal to its isoelectric point
CSF isoelectric focusing
MGUS criteria
paraprotein <3 g/dL
<10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB
SMM criteria
paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB
MM criteria
paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions
fatigue and weakness due to anemia, ↑ ESR, hyperviscosity, bleeding, skin hemorrhages, visual impairments, cardiac insufficiency, neurological side effects, and a variety of autoimmune diseases
Waldenstrom’s
insoluble fibrous protein aggregates formed due to an alteration in their B-pleated sheets
amyloids
carpal tunnel syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, hepatomegaly, and neuropathy
amyloidosis
light chain deposition in tissues
amyloidosis
Lambda light chains occur 3 times more frequently than kappa.
amyloidosis
Congo red stained tissue sections and polarized light microscopy to see the characteristic yellow-green “apple green” birefringence
amyloidosis
immunoglobulins that aggregate and precipitate or gel at temperatures lower than 37°C
cryoglobulins
vasculitis and ischemic injury to peripheral tissues at a lower temperature
cryoglobulinemia
classified into Types I, II, and III
cryoglobulins
precipate at the origin due to the cooler temperature of the gel
cryoglobulins
usually attributable to persistent, high-level exposure to antigens
polyclonal gammopathy
increase in concentration of …. is a sign of an acute-phase response
α1 or α2 globulins
Seen in plasma samples with a sharp peak between the beta and gamma region
fibrinogen peak
> —–/day proteinuria in pregnant woman → Preeclampsia
300 mg
Diabetes
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
IgA nephropathy
Various forms of glomerulonephritis
Hepatitis and HIV infections
associated with glomerular proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Edema
nephrotic syndrome
- Hereditary disorders of tubular function such as Fanconi syndrome
- Toxicity from compounds
- Poisoning with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead
- Ischemia due to obstruction of blood flow or decreased blood flow in shock or heart failure
- Toxicity from overload with proteins such as free Ig light chains, hemoglobin, or myoglobin
associated with tubular proteinuria
substances that can cause tubular proteinuria
Aminoglycosides
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Amphotericin B
Radiocontrast dyes
Cisplatin
Ethylene glycol
uses antisera against IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa, and lambda, but other antisera against other antigens can be used such as IgE, IgD, fibrinogen, free kappa, and free lambda
IFE
describes the amount of precipitate that forms at a fixed antibody concentration
Heidelberger Curve
results in the prozone effect, an area of clearing surrounded by stain
sample too concentrated
antigen excess
(IFE)
