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Mercy CLS: Department Rotations > Special Chemistry > Flashcards

Special Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2
> gamma

A

chronic inflammation

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2
Q

&laquo_space;albumin
» alpha 2
N/> beta
&laquo_space;gamma

A

nephrotic syndrome

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3
Q

< albumin
» gamma
bridging

A

hepatic cirrhosis

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4
Q

&laquo_space;albumin
> alpha 2
< gamma

A

PLE

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5
Q

< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2

A

acute inflammation

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6
Q

< albumin
»> gamma

A

monoclonal gammopathy

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7
Q

3 types of protenuria

A

glomerular
tubular
nonspecific

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8
Q

forces acting on a molecule

A

Felec = QV
Q = charge on the particle
V = electrical field (volts or volts per centimeter)
Felec = electrical force, makes the particle move
Resistance = difficulty a particle encounters moving through a medium
Fresistance = fv
f = proportionality constant; frictional coefficient, determined by the viscosity of the medium and size and shape of the particle
v = velocity

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9
Q

buffer solution pH

A

8.6

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10
Q

acid alcohol solution

A

fixative

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11
Q

The ——- will determine the density of each band for each patient and calculate the % of the total protein represented by each band.

A

densitometer

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12
Q

decrease in the production of α1- antitrypsin or the absence of the production of α1-antitrypsin

A

Excess proteinases in the lung tissue leads to destruction of the alveolar walls which causes emphysema, this is a genetic defect

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13
Q

haptoglobin may migrate with…

A

alpha-2 macroglobulin

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14
Q

transports lipids, cholesterol, and hormones; thin irregular band, which may migrate differently between patients depending upon its concentration

A

B-lipoprotein

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15
Q

transferrin
C3
fibrinogen

A

B zone

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16
Q

Must concentrate urine —-fold before electrophoresis (won’t see them otherwise)

A

100

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17
Q

An MS patient may exhibit oligoclonal bands … found in the gamma zone

A

in CSF but not in serum

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18
Q

at least two bands seen in the CSF with no corresponding band present in the serum

A

oligoclonal bands

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19
Q

CSF Index =

normal

A

CSF IgG/CSF Albumin(serum albumin/serum IgG)

normal <0.66

20
Q

indicates status of BBB

A

CSF index

21
Q

pH gradient is achieved by mixing amphoteric polyaminocarboxylic acids (carrier ampholytes)

proteins move through the medium at each pH zone until it reaches a pH zone equal to its isoelectric point

A

CSF isoelectric focusing

22
Q

MGUS criteria

A

paraprotein <3 g/dL
<10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB

23
Q

SMM criteria

A

paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB

24
Q

MM criteria

A

paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions

25
Q

fatigue and weakness due to anemia, ↑ ESR, hyperviscosity, bleeding, skin hemorrhages, visual impairments, cardiac insufficiency, neurological side effects, and a variety of autoimmune diseases

A

Waldenstrom’s

26
Q

insoluble fibrous protein aggregates formed due to an alteration in their B-pleated sheets

A

amyloids

27
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, hepatomegaly, and neuropathy

A

amyloidosis

28
Q

light chain deposition in tissues

A

amyloidosis

29
Q

Lambda light chains occur 3 times more frequently than kappa.

A

amyloidosis

30
Q

Congo red stained tissue sections and polarized light microscopy to see the characteristic yellow-green “apple green” birefringence

A

amyloidosis

31
Q

immunoglobulins that aggregate and precipitate or gel at temperatures lower than 37°C

A

cryoglobulins

32
Q

vasculitis and ischemic injury to peripheral tissues at a lower temperature

A

cryoglobulinemia

33
Q

classified into Types I, II, and III

A

cryoglobulins

34
Q

precipate at the origin due to the cooler temperature of the gel

A

cryoglobulins

35
Q

usually attributable to persistent, high-level exposure to antigens

A

polyclonal gammopathy

36
Q

increase in concentration of …. is a sign of an acute-phase response

A

α1 or α2 globulins

37
Q

Seen in plasma samples with a sharp peak between the beta and gamma region

A

fibrinogen peak

38
Q

> —–/day proteinuria in pregnant woman → Preeclampsia

A

300 mg

39
Q

Diabetes
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
IgA nephropathy
Various forms of glomerulonephritis
Hepatitis and HIV infections

A

associated with glomerular proteinuria

40
Q

Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Edema

A

nephrotic syndrome

41
Q
  • Hereditary disorders of tubular function such as Fanconi syndrome
  • Toxicity from compounds
  • Poisoning with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead
  • Ischemia due to obstruction of blood flow or decreased blood flow in shock or heart failure
  • Toxicity from overload with proteins such as free Ig light chains, hemoglobin, or myoglobin
A

associated with tubular proteinuria

42
Q

substances that can cause tubular proteinuria

A

Aminoglycosides
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Amphotericin B
Radiocontrast dyes
Cisplatin
Ethylene glycol

43
Q

uses antisera against IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa, and lambda, but other antisera against other antigens can be used such as IgE, IgD, fibrinogen, free kappa, and free lambda

A

IFE

44
Q

describes the amount of precipitate that forms at a fixed antibody concentration

A

Heidelberger Curve

45
Q

results in the prozone effect, an area of clearing surrounded by stain

A

sample too concentrated
antigen excess
(IFE)

Mercy CLS: Department Rotations (8 decks)

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