Special Chemistry

Question 1

< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2
> gamma

Answer 1

chronic inflammation

Question 2

&laquo_space;albumin
» alpha 2
N/> beta
&laquo_space;gamma

Answer 2

nephrotic syndrome

Question 3

< albumin
» gamma
bridging

Answer 3

hepatic cirrhosis

Question 4

&laquo_space;albumin
> alpha 2
< gamma

Answer 4

PLE

Question 5

< albumin
> alpha 1
> alpha 2

Answer 5

acute inflammation

Question 6

< albumin
»> gamma

Answer 6

monoclonal gammopathy

Question 7

3 types of protenuria

Answer 7

glomerular
tubular
nonspecific

Question 8

forces acting on a molecule

Answer 8

Felec = QV
Q = charge on the particle
V = electrical field (volts or volts per centimeter)
Felec = electrical force, makes the particle move
Resistance = difficulty a particle encounters moving through a medium
Fresistance = fv
f = proportionality constant; frictional coefficient, determined by the viscosity of the medium and size and shape of the particle
v = velocity

Question 9

buffer solution pH

Answer 9

8.6

Question 10

acid alcohol solution

Answer 10

fixative

Question 11

The ——- will determine the density of each band for each patient and calculate the % of the total protein represented by each band.

Answer 11

densitometer

Question 12

decrease in the production of α1- antitrypsin or the absence of the production of α1-antitrypsin

Answer 12

Excess proteinases in the lung tissue leads to destruction of the alveolar walls which causes emphysema, this is a genetic defect

Question 13

haptoglobin may migrate with…

Answer 13

alpha-2 macroglobulin

Question 14

transports lipids, cholesterol, and hormones; thin irregular band, which may migrate differently between patients depending upon its concentration

Answer 14

B-lipoprotein

Question 15

transferrin
C3
fibrinogen

Answer 15

B zone

Question 16

Must concentrate urine —-fold before electrophoresis (won’t see them otherwise)

Answer 16

100

Question 17

An MS patient may exhibit oligoclonal bands … found in the gamma zone

Answer 17

in CSF but not in serum

Question 18

at least two bands seen in the CSF with no corresponding band present in the serum

Answer 18

oligoclonal bands

Question 19

CSF Index =

normal

Answer 19

CSF IgG/CSF Albumin(serum albumin/serum IgG)

normal <0.66

Question 20

indicates status of BBB

Answer 20

CSF index

Question 21

pH gradient is achieved by mixing amphoteric polyaminocarboxylic acids (carrier ampholytes)

proteins move through the medium at each pH zone until it reaches a pH zone equal to its isoelectric point

Answer 21

CSF isoelectric focusing

Question 22

MGUS criteria

Answer 22

paraprotein <3 g/dL
<10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB

Question 23

SMM criteria

Answer 23

paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
no CRAB

Question 24

MM criteria

Answer 24

paraprotein >3 g/dL
>10% clonal plasma cells in BM
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions

Question 25

fatigue and weakness due to anemia, ↑ ESR, hyperviscosity, bleeding, skin hemorrhages, visual impairments, cardiac insufficiency, neurological side effects, and a variety of autoimmune diseases

Answer 25

Waldenstrom's

Question 26

insoluble fibrous protein aggregates formed due to an alteration in their B-pleated sheets

Answer 26

amyloids

Question 27

carpal tunnel syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, hepatomegaly, and neuropathy

Answer 27

amyloidosis

Question 28

light chain deposition in tissues

Answer 28

amyloidosis

Question 29

Lambda light chains occur 3 times more frequently than kappa.

Answer 29

amyloidosis

Question 30

Congo red stained tissue sections and polarized light microscopy to see the characteristic yellow-green “apple green” birefringence

Answer 30

amyloidosis

Question 31

immunoglobulins that aggregate and precipitate or gel at temperatures lower than 37°C

Answer 31

cryoglobulins

Question 32

vasculitis and ischemic injury to peripheral tissues at a lower temperature

Answer 32

cryoglobulinemia

Question 33

classified into Types I, II, and III

Answer 33

cryoglobulins

Question 34

precipate at the origin due to the cooler temperature of the gel

Answer 34

cryoglobulins

Question 35

usually attributable to persistent, high-level exposure to antigens

Answer 35

polyclonal gammopathy

Question 36

increase in concentration of .... is a sign of an acute-phase response

Answer 36

α1 or α2 globulins

Question 37

Seen in plasma samples with a sharp peak between the beta and gamma region

Answer 37

fibrinogen peak

Question 38

>-----/day proteinuria in pregnant woman → Preeclampsia

Answer 38

300 mg

Question 39

Diabetes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) IgA nephropathy Various forms of glomerulonephritis Hepatitis and HIV infections

Answer 39

associated with glomerular proteinuria

Question 40

Hypoalbuminemia Hypercholesterolemia Edema

Answer 40

nephrotic syndrome

Question 41

* Hereditary disorders of tubular function such as Fanconi syndrome * Toxicity from compounds * Poisoning with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead * Ischemia due to obstruction of blood flow or decreased blood flow in shock or heart failure * Toxicity from overload with proteins such as free Ig light chains, hemoglobin, or myoglobin

Answer 41

associated with tubular proteinuria

Question 42

substances that can cause tubular proteinuria

Answer 42

Aminoglycosides Cyclosporine Tacrolimus Amphotericin B Radiocontrast dyes Cisplatin Ethylene glycol

Question 43

uses antisera against IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa, and lambda, but other antisera against other antigens can be used such as IgE, IgD, fibrinogen, free kappa, and free lambda

Answer 43

IFE

Question 44

describes the amount of precipitate that forms at a fixed antibody concentration

Answer 44

Heidelberger Curve

Question 45

results in the prozone effect, an area of clearing surrounded by stain

Answer 45

sample too concentrated antigen excess (IFE)