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spec Flashcards

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1
Q

whats the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?

A
  • a pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling point
  • a mixture may melt or boil over a range of temperatures
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2
Q

do groups do down or sideways?

A

down,
there are 18 groups

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3
Q

do periods do down or sideways

A

sideways, there are 7 periods

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4
Q

how to calculate relative atomic mass (Ar)

A

sum of (ISOTOPE ABUNDANCE x ISOTOPE MASS)
___________________________________________
sum of ABUNDANCE OF ALL ISOTOPES

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5
Q

how to calculate relative molecular mass (Mr)

A

the sum of all the individual atomic masses of all the atoms

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6
Q

hydrogen ion

A

H (+)

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7
Q

hydroxide ion

A

OH (-)

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8
Q

ammonium ion

A

NH4 (+)

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8
Q

carbonate ion

A

CO3 (2-)

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9
Q

nitrate ion

A

NO3 (-)

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10
Q

sulphate ion

A

SO4 (2-)

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11
Q

how do the halogens change as you go down the group?

A

Halogens become less reactive and more solider in state

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12
Q

colour and state of flourine at room temp

A

faintly yellow gas

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13
Q

colour and state of chlorine at room temp

A

green gas

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14
Q

colour and state of bromine at room temp

A

red-brown liquid

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15
Q

colour and state of iodine at room temp

A

grey solid

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16
Q

percentage of nitrogen in the air

A

78%

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17
Q

percentage of oxygen in the air

A

21%

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18
Q

percentage of argon in the air

A

almost 1%

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19
Q

percentage of carbon dioxide in the air

A

0.04%

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20
Q

what colour flame does magnesium produce when burned in oxygen?

A

a bright white flame

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21
Q

what is the product of burning magnesium in oxygen?

A

magnesium oxide

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22
Q

is magnesium oxide acid or alkaline when dissolved in water?

A

alkaline

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23
Q

what colour flame does hydrogen produce when burned in oxygen?

A

a pale blue flame

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24
Q

what is the product of burning hydrogen in oxygen?

A

water vapour

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25
Q

is water vapour acid or alkaline?

A

neutral ph

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26
Q

what colour flame does sulphur produce when burned in oxygen?

A

a pale blue flame

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27
Q

what is the product of burning sulphur in oxygen?

A

sulphur dioxide

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28
Q

is sulphur dioxide acid or alkaline when dissolved in water?

A

acidic

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29
Q

what happens when you heat a metal carbonate?

A

thermal decomposition : it will break apart into a metal oxide and carbon dioxide

Metal carbonate ➔ metal oxide + carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is the colour change when copper(II) carbonate decomposes to copper(II) oxide?

A

Green ➔ black

31
Q

what two things react to form rust on iron?

A

oxygen and water

32
Q

when alluminium corrodes what does it do that is different to when iron rusts?

A

it forms a protective layer meaning that only the surface atoms are affected by corrosion

33
Q

barrier methods

A
  • painting
  • oil or grease
  • electroplating (cover the iron in a thin layer of another metal)
34
Q

sacrificial method

A

adding a more reactive metal to the iron so it gets oxidised first and the iron does not rust (e.g. “galvanising” - coating the object in a layer of zinc [can also be an example of a barrier method] )

35
Q

test for chlorine gas

A

damp blue litmus paper bleaches (may turn red before bleaching)

36
Q

safety precautions when testing for chlorine

A

chorine is poisonous so:

  • wear a mask
  • do it in a fume cupboard
37
Q

test for ammonia gas

A

damp red litmus paper turns blue

38
Q

why would scientist chose to use a polystyrene cup in a neutralisation reaction?

A

polystyrene is an insulator and so will reduce heat loss

39
Q

how to calculate the amount of energy produced per gram in a combustion reaction

A

amount of energy produced
_____________________________
mass of — burned

40
Q

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide

A

salt + water (neutralisation) :
sodium chloride + water

41
Q

hydrogen ion + hydroxide ion

A

water

42
Q

hydrochloric acid formula

A

HCl

43
Q

sulfuric acid formula

A

H2SO4

44
Q

nitric acid formula

A

HNO3

45
Q

sodium hydroxide formula

A

NaOH

46
Q

calcuim carbonate formula

A

CaCO3

47
Q

what happens when Acids dissolve in Water to form an Aqueous Solution

A

they produce Hydrogen ions (H+) which makes the Aqueous Solution Acidic

48
Q

what happens when Alkalis dissolve in Water to form an Aqueous Solution

A

they produce Hydroxide ions ( OH- ) which makes the Aqueous Solution an Alkali

49
Q

test for carbonate ions

A

METHOD:

  • Add Dilute Hydrochloric acid
  • Gas produced is bubbled into limewater
  • Colour of precipitate is observed and recorded

RESULT:

If Carbonate ions are present, limewater will turn milky

50
Q

test for water

A

METHOD:

  • Add liquid to Anhydrous Copper (II) Sulfate
  • Colour change is observed and recorded

RESULT:

If liquid is water, white powder will turn Blue as Hydrated Copper (II) Sulfate is formed, which is a blue crystal

51
Q

general formula for alkAnes

A

CnH2n + 2

52
Q

methane

A

CH4

53
Q

ethane

A

C2H6

54
Q

propane

A

C3H8

55
Q

butane

A

C4H10

56
Q

order of hydrocarbons from lowest boiling point to highest boiling point

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

57
Q

order of hydrocarbons from least flammable to most flammable

A

bitumen, fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, gasoline, refinery gases

58
Q

order of hydrocarbons from shortest chain length to longest chain length

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

59
Q

order of hydrocarbons from the lightest to the darkest

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

60
Q

what energy is released when a fuel is burned

A

heat energy

61
Q

During the complete combustion of Hydrocarbons…

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water will be produced:

  • Carbon will oxidise to form Carbon Dioxide
  • Hydrogen will oxidise to Water
62
Q

During the incomplete combustion of Hydrocarbons…

A

Carbon Monoxide and Water will be produced

63
Q

why is incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons dangerous?

A

it releases Carbon Monoxide which is a poisonous Gas that reduces the capacity of red blood cells (haemoglobin) to carry Oxygen

64
Q

what happens when the temperature in car engines is really high?

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen from the Air to combine to produce Nitrogen Monoxide:

Nitrogen + Oxygen → Nitrogen Monoxide

65
Q

what happens when carbon monoxide is released from the exhaust of car engines

A

it combines with Oxygen in the Air to form Nitrogen Dioxide:

Carbon Monoxide + Oxygen → Nitrogen Dioxide

66
Q

During combustion of Hydrocarbon fuels, impurities including Sulfur compounds will be oxidised to produce

A

Sulfur Dioxide:

Sulfur + Oxygen → Sulfur Dioxide

67
Q

what causes acid rain?

A

Sulfur Dioxide released into the atmosphere will dissolve in Water droplets of clouds to make it more acidic (lower ph), resulting in Acid Rain

68
Q

2 effects of acid rain

A
  • Kills aquatic organisms - Rivers and lakes become too acidic which causes aquatic organisms to die
  • Destroys buildings- Corrodes metals and limestone in buildings
69
Q

Explain Why Alkanes are Classified as Saturated Hydrocarbons

A

all the bonds in an Alkane compound are single bonds

70
Q

know that alkenes contain the functional group >C=C<

A

Alkenes contain double Carbon bond (shown as two lines between two Carbon atoms), allowing them to react in ways Alkanes cannot (more reactive)

71
Q

general formula for alkEnes

A

CnH2n

72
Q

why are alkenes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

they contain a double covalent bond

73
Q

problems in the disposal of addition polymers

A
  • Polymers are inert (unreactive) as they have strong C-C bonds.
    This makes them non-biodegradeable.
  • if burnt the addition polymers could produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide

chemistry (12 decks)

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