SPD Flashcards
1
Q
To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for a paved area?
A
1% (1.5% for rough paving)
2
Q
To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for an underground drainage pipe?
A
.3%
3
Q
To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for a lawn?
A
2% - ideal slope 4%
4
Q
P.U.D.
A
Planned Unit Development
The goal of PUD is to integrate mixed use development and promote a vital and diverse community.
5
Q
Describe Ahwahnee Principles.
A
Collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principles regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy usage.
6
Q
Describe Hannover Principles.
A
For EXPO 2000 (in Hannover, Germany), William McDonough presented a living document called Design for Sustainability in which principles set priorities for sustainability in the built environment and where to be implemented globally.
7
Q
When tall buildings act as wind breaks, what condition may be created?
A
Vortex
8
Q
How does a monument impact a land survey?
A
It represents a reference point.
9
Q
Define: Well-Graded soils
A
Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest generating stability through increased grain-to-grain contact
10
Q
Define: Uniformly-Graded soils
A
Consists primarily of particles that are all approximately the same size. (a type of poorly graded soil)
11
Q
Define: Gap-Graded soils
A
Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-size particles (type of poorly graded soil)
12
Q
The Piazza of Saint Peter at the Vatican is an example of what type of planning?
A
Renaissance planning, space was created amid a cramped medieval town for a grand piazza, where a more modest square once stood. (designed by Bernini)
13
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-sq.ft. required per car for parking and circulation
A
400 sq.ft.
14
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-standard parking stall dimension
A
8-9’ x 16-18’
15
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-minimum width of a two-way main aisle between 90º parking stalls
A
20’
16
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-compact parking stall dimensions
A
7’-6” - 8’ x 16-18’
17
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-minimum distance between driveway and intersection depending on speed and capacity of road
A
50-200’
18
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-accessible parking stall width
A
cars: 8’ + 60” for an aisle
vans: 8’ + 96” for an aisle
19
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-minimum width of a two-way driveway
A
16’
20
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-minimum angle of a road at an intersection
A
70º
21
Q
What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:
-minimum width of a one-way driveway
A
10’
22
Q
A permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells.
A
Aquifer
23
Q
The study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site. Concerned with water forms, drainage patterns, runoff, water table and aquifer zones.
A
Hydrology
24
Q
An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport such items logs or fish, or to divert a stream.
A
Flume
25
Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape. The runoff is directed to a gutter or channel and then storm sewer or natural water course.
Sheet Flow
26
An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water.
Weir
27
A type of above ground drainage used to control runoff. A shallow, sloping sometimes grassy depression incorporated into landscaping.
Swale
28
What is the purpose of creating an artificial flood plain?
To reclaim build able land that was previously part of the natural flood plain.
29
Name several methods used to control erosion, due to runoff or wind, during construction.
Silt Fence
Straw Bale Dams/Earth Dikes
Hydroseeding or Mulch
Retaining Walls
30
What are the four main site factors that affect the physical for of a building?
Site to Structure Relationships
Site to Form Relationships
Vegetation
Climate
31
What aspects of urban site development are of particular environmental concern?
Impact of the building on the microclimate and other surrounding buildings including shade patterns, wind patterns, drainage patterns, noise, traffic, and possible industrial emissions.
32
Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass
Hydroseeding
33
What are the negative aspects of building a freeway through a town?
Tends to destroy or segregate large parts of existing neighborhoods.
34
According to the Unified Soil Classification System (USC), how are soils classified?
By grain size as well as other physical characteristics. 3 main categories: Course-Grained Soils, Fine-Grained Soils, Highly Organic Soils
35
Ecology
The study of living organisms in relationship to their environment.
36
Name the three types of site circulation and how they can be organized.
Pedestrian, automobile, service
Separate the automobile entrances from pedestrian paths.
Layout pedestrian paths adjacent, and parallel to parking areas.
Separate automobile entrances from service entrances.
37
What city diagram first separated housing and industry with a beltway?
Ebenezer Howard's Garden City
38
Which of the following might be used to restrict the construction of a mobile home on a particular tract of land?
- easement
- lien
- covenant
Covenant, also called a restrictive covenant, is a type of deed restriction.
39
Philadelphia is based on what form of urban plan?
- radial layout
- Haussman's design for Paris
- The gridiron street system
- The Garden City concept
The gridiron street system, incorporates public parks and open spaces as well as uniform spacing and setbacks.
40
In order of grain size, name the four primary soil types.
Gravels, sands, silts, clays
41
This is the term for the distance between contour lines?
Contour Interval
42
What factors affect a building's plan orientation, besides climate?
The building's relationship to the street.
The orientation of nearby structures.
The aesthetics of the site.
43
According to the IBC, the number of accessible parking spaces for a project depends upon which of the following?
- total number of spaces provided
- area of the parking
- type of facility
- distance to the main entrance
- total number of spaces provided
| - type of facility
44
Kevin Lynch describes the five basic elements that make up one's image of the urban environment in his book The Image of the City. What are they?
```
Paths
Edges
Districts
Nodes
Landmarks
```
45
Describe the City Beautiful Movement
Championed by advocates such as Daniel Burnham, who sought to improve the socially, morally and physically decaying cities through beautification and order. Burnham thought this would inspire a sense of community, responsibility and civic loyalty among the inner-city poor, thereby revitalizing urban life.
46
Rome is an example of which of the following types of city planning?
- star shaped
- grid city
- Renaissance
- Baroque
Baroque Planning, links important monuments, places and views with broad radiating streets and avenues.
47
What are the key concerns to address when construction requires the manipulation of existing topography?
- modifications to site contours should be kept to a minimum whenever possible
- locate the length of the building parallel to contour lines
- place driveways and roads parallel to contour lines or when changes in elevation are required, do so at a slight angle to the contours.
- divert drainage away from the building.
48
Used to determine drainage potential, bearing capacity and erosion potential. Classified by grain size and physical characteristics
Uniform Soil Classification System (USC)
49
Soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water.
Alluvium
50
The most stable soil type.
Bedrock
51
Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity.
Humus
52
Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay.
Loam
53
Proctor Test vs. Percolation Test
Proctor- used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil
Percolation- used to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Assesses the suitability of soil for a leachfield.
54
The construction of a new library building is planning for a site adjacent to a noisy boulevard. What design options does the architect have for reducing the impact of noise?
- construct an earth berm between the noise source and the building
- plant a dense line of trees between the noise source and the building
- use plant material as ground cover instead of hard paved surfaces
- locate mechanical, service and utility areas closer to the sounds source
- locate major wall penetrations away from the sound source
55
The layout of Central Park by Olmstead (1857) is an example of what style of landscape design?
- neo-classical
- picturesque
- baroque
- Beaux Arts
Picturesque
56
What typical site constrains affect a grading plan?
- existing trees and shrubs to be saved, transplanted or removed.
- the finished floor height of existing structures
- the finish grade of existing roads
- existing land forms
- property line
57
How can the site be graded to avoid damage to trees?
No grading should occur under the drip line
58
The boundary between aerated and water-saturated soil. The plane may rise and fall seasonally. Same as ground-water level.
Water table
59
A reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain.
Catch Basin
60
The lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe or other plumbing line. For drains and sewers, this point must be established due to the dependence on gravity.
Invert
61
A drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically, a large-diameter concrete or metal pipe often used to channel water under a road.
Culvert
62
Underground conduit used to carry rainwater, not sewage from a catch basin to a paved channel or body of water. Controls runoff and erosion in high-density areas with impervious surfaces. Diameter is determined by the region's rainfall in in/hr
Storm Drain
63
A perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to relieve hydrostatic pressure from foundation or retaining walls.
Drain tile
64
Vehicle Turning Radii
```
small cars- 16-19'
standard cars- 19-23'
large cars- 23-25'
ambulance- 25-30'
busses/trucks- 43-50'
```
65
Order of site work
1. Set batter boards
2. Remove and save top 6" of soil
3. Earth work- grading and excavation
4. Rough grading
5. Finish grading
66
Name five methods of improving soil bearing capacity.
Fill, compaction, densification, surcharging, mixing
67
Describe the best way to provide security and promote a sense of safety for the occupants of residential buildings.
window bars, security alarms
| street activity, front porches and visible to one another (passive surveillance)
68
Describe some methods of stormwater management in site planning.
minimizing impervious surfaces, work with existing natural drainage systems (swales, buffers, biofiltration strips or bioretention zones filter pollutants)
69
Angle of repose
The greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding.
- loose, wet clay or silt 30%
- compact dry clay 100%
- wet sand 80%
- dry sand 65%
70
Soldier Beam
a heavy timber or steel column driven vertically into the soil and used to hold cribbing boards in place.
71
Cribbing
horizontal boards placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation. (also called breast boards)
72
A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing, or other members such as concrete formwork. Holds vertical members and form work in line.
Wale, waler or whaler
73
Creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls, or to provide drainage of surface water.
trenching
74
Temporary wood or steel bracing, usually set at an angled position and used to hold walls in place.
shoring
75
The removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade.
excavation
76
Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing.
underpinning
77
A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation.
raker
78
What test methods can be used to determine the bearing capacity of soil?
- core borings
- test pits
- auger borings
- wash borings
- soil load tests
79
As a site concern, why is erosion undesirable, and how can it be controlled?
Causes the disruption and removal of topsoil and native plant life that has evolved over centuries.
- proper site drainage
- native planting
- retaining wall
- application of riprap
80
Name three site features that can be used as a wind block.
- Non-deciduous trees planted adjacent to a building.
- berm or hill
- another structure
81
Define cut and fill.
Method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site.
82
Auger borings are best used in ___ or ___ and at ___ depths.
sand, clay, shallow
83
Name two methods of reducing hydrostatic pressure on a foundation wall.
- Drain tile
| - Open web matting against the foundation wall prior to backfilling with gravel and soil
84
Who transformed the urban planning of 19th century Paris?
- Eugene Viollet-le-Duc
- Tony Garnier
- Pierre Charles L'Enfant
- Baron Georges'Eugene Haussman
Haussman
85
Name the project designed by Le Corbusier that represents his vision of the ideal city.
Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab built in 1953. Planned as a living organism and based based on four major functions; living, working, care of the body and spirit and circulation, the city was built largely of unfinished concrete and exposed brick.
86
The owner has requested minimal environmental impact on a residence on a small sloping, grassy site where a swale currently exists. What is the most appropriate solution?
- use a French drain and hand held construction equipment
- use a buttress retaining wall to minimize cut and fill and hay bales to protect the site surface
- use a grade beam foundation and a long-reach crane for construction
- use a caisson and raised slab foundation and use the future driveway area for construction access
Use a caisson and raised slab foundation and use the future driveway area for construction access
87
Name a primary site development concern for large scale projects such as shopping malls, stadiums or schools.
The effect on site drainage
88
Name several ways to minimize the impact of construction on topsoil and native vegetation.
- relocate existing trees
- define staging areas and routes for construction vehicles
- excavation and construction should be done in phases
- re-use site debris, stockpile and protect topsoil for later use
89
What determines roof gutter size?
rain fall potential, surface area of roof
90
Name the 4 regional climatic zones of the N American continent, and the climatic factors that effect human comfort.
Hot-Arid, hot-humid, temperate, cool
temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, radiation
91
Sheepsfoot
A tamping-roller which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity. Used during the soil compaction process.
92
Name the four soil groups from most to least stable.
gravels
sand
silt
clay
93
Name and describe 4 methods of soil testing.
- wash boring
- auger boring
- core boring
- test pit
94
What aspects of site work are encountered on most architectural projects?
- soil
- site preparation
- earthwork
- temporary supports
- site drainage
- site improvements
95
How is a parcel of land described?
according to the property lines and boundaries
96
According to Kevin Lynch, what are some of the unintended and sometimes undesirable effects of site development on living things?
- blocked drainage
- induced erosion
- overturned soil horizons
- plants and animals killed
- human residents dispossessed
- new species introduced
- hunters, litterers, or builders introduced
- hillsides scarred
- air and water polluted
- exotic chemicals introduced
97
For many parks, the issue of personal safety is a concern. According to Designing Places for People, what design principles can be implemented that will help minimize this issue?
- design for the needs of the local residents to encourage a well used space
- concentrate activities in a limited number of areas
- promote foot traffic through the space by providing a shortcut to a destination
- visibility into the space
- provide a protected play area for small children
98
Which of the following components of life-cycle costs for a building are NOT within the architect's direct control?
- operational costs
- taxes and financing
- maintenance costs
- replacement costs
Taxes and financing
99
Any part of an accessible route that is steeper than 1:__ is considered a ramp.
1:20
100
Although wood piles are often pressure treated, untreated piles are permitted to be used if
they are below the lowest ground water level
101
If the upper soils have insufficient bearing capacity to support spread footings, the building loads are often transferred to deeper, firmer soils by
piles
102
The cluster-type residential development would be MOST appropriate for an area that has
- restricted size
- dense natural foliage
- highly irregular contours
highly irregular contours
103
A ___ is a flow path similar to a valley, in which the contours point ____.
swale, valley
104
On major roads, the widths of traffic lanes for individual vehicles vary bt __- __ feet.
11-12
105
The maximum run for a ramp is __ feet.
30
106
The maximum gradient of a handicapped ramp is 1:__
1:12
107
Handicapped walkways should not be interrupted by a crack or edge creating ___ or more in height.
1/2"
108
Grades required to transport solids range from ___ - ___ %
1/2 - 2%
109
Wastewater main diameters range up to __ feet and the length up to __ feet.
4, 20
110
How does a Community floodplain differ from a FEMA floodplain?
FEMA only look at current development whereas community take into consideration expected future developments upstream.
111
Building code rules become enforceable when approved and published by the appropriate code governing body
-or-
Building code rules become law when enacted by the appropriate jurisdictional authority
Building code rules become law when enacted by the appropriate jurisdictional authority
112
Local historic preservation designation is more/less protective than Federal
more
113
In order to qualify for coverage on a professional liability insurance claim
- date of claim event must be within 14 days of the coverage period
- claim must be reported in writing within 14 days
claim must be reported in writing within 14 days
114
In order to qualify for coverage on a professional liability insurance claim, a current policy must/must not be in effect
must
115
What is the purpose of a wind rose?
- to show the direction of the wind based on percentage of occurrence
- to show the velocity of wind for various directions
116
What is the impact to the average cost of a parking space, as the footprint for a parking structure decreases and the levels of the parking structure increases?
The average cost per stall decreases
117
The purpose of NFPA 101 is to
address the danger to life from fire
118
What is especially important in designing roads for drainage?
- curbs and gutters
- crown
- superelevation
crown
119
Superelevation
cross slope
120
Most roads should be kept at a grade of less than __% with the exception of short roads and parking garage ramps.
10
121
A foundation with ___ is most appropriate when the soil is sandy clay with bentonite present.
grade beam on piers
122
What is the maximum slope on which it is feasible to plant grass?
25%
123
What is the recommended maximum slope for a paved parking area?
5%
124
What is the maximum slope for an accessible portion of a parking area?
2%
125
What is the maximum slope for automobile ramps where pedestrians are prohibited?
15%
126
A __ is a center of interest that people can enter such as a plaza, public square, or the intersection of paths.
node
127
What is the minimum outside radius for an automobile col-de-sac with no parking?
40'
128
Collector streets connect ___ streets and ___ streets.
local and arterial
129
Which type of road needs the widest right-of way?
boulevard
130
You should use 300 sq.ft./car when estimating ___ and 400 sq.ft./car when estimating __.
- parking lot size if it includes parking spaces, access and driveways
- if it also includes sidewalks
131
The fraction of radiant energy reflected from a surface relative to the total radiant energy received by the surface.
Albedo
132
A surface with an albedo of 1 is ___, and a surface with an albedo of 0 is ___.
mirror, black matte surface
133
In the Northern Hemisphere, the optimum tilt angle of an active solar collector for year-round use is approximately equal to the
building's latitude
134
The optimum tilt angle of an active solar collector for space heating systems is approximately equal to
the latitude + 15º
135
A row of trees of moderate density will reduce the wind velocity on the leeward side by about ___% up to about ___x the height of the trees
30-40%, 5x
136
Overhangs/vertical louvers are most effective on the E and W sides of a building.
Vertical louvers
137
Which of the following are typically included in a subsurface investigation report? (4)
- results of field tests
- results of lab tests
- recommended types of foundations
- soil sieve analysis
- boring location plan
- recommended treatment for contaminated soil
- field and lab results
- recommended types of foundations
- Boring location plan
138
A sieve analysis is used to
assess the particle size distribution of a granular material
139
A septic tank is one of the most common forms of
on-site sewage disposal
140
Septic tank absorption field should be __' from a house, __' from property lines, __' from water wells, and __' from streams.
house- 10
property line- 5
water wells- 50
streams- 25
141
Physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in unsaturated soils.
soil vapor extraction
142
Which of the following cleanup technologies can be used to remediate contamination in soil in the unsaturated zone?
- vapor extraction
- biodegradation
- in situ incineration
- photolysis
vapor extraction
143
Used in separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
Gas chromatography
144
Describes the shear strength of soils.
cohesion
145
What environmental factors are part of a site's microclimate?
- topography
- structures
- exposure
- ground cover
- elevation
- bodies of water
146
Who is responsible for the urban planning of Washington D.C.?
Pierre Charles L'Enfant
147
Thomas Holme was responsible for laying out which city?
Pennsylvania
148
Photovoltaic panels are mounted in one of which two places?
- roof
| - horizontally over exterior openings
149
A proctor test is used for__
calculating the optimal moisture of soil to receive maximum compacted density of the soil
150
That portion of a means of egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or public way
exit
151
What are water-detention areas used for?
to control the flow of stormwater runoff
152
Townships are divided to create ___ equal subdivisions and are __ miles square.
36 subdivisions
| 6 miles square
153
The city beautiful movement resulted in
- launch of classical revival movement
- greater awareness of city planning
- profusion of dome-topped civic buildings
- promoted monumental and grandiose
154
One of the first to emphasize the idea of zoning.
Tony Garnier
155
In order from largest to smallest, the PLSS divided land into
check, township, section
156
A section measures ___ x ___
1mi x 1mi
157
Which 2 elements contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer?
chlorine and bromine
158
Dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.
Humus
159
What is the typical density of an American city?
30 people/acre
160
A typical european town is __ people per acre
30
161
An efficient American suburb is __ people per acre
10
162
In comparison to a two-way street, a one-way street
- increases the rate of traffic flow
- increases the length of utility connections
- results in fewer intersections
- is safer for pedestrians
Increases the rate of traffic flow
163
Where the terrain is steep and irregular the installation of utilities for the development of a site will be
- more costly than for a level site because it will require longer runs and manholes at more frequent intervals
- more costly because of the many changes in the horizontal direction
more costly than for a level site because it will require longer runs and manholes at more frequent intervals
164
The average intensity for lighting large parking areas is ___ foot-candle(s)
1 - 3
165
Soil Horizons refers to
The profile of soil regardless of its type, generally consists of several horizontal layers
166
Parking lots should have a minimum grade of __% and a max grade of __%
min - 1%
| max - 5%
167
Pedestrians need __ sq.ft. for easy movement.
13
168
__ sq.ft. would result in a crowded movement of pedestrians
7
169
A heating or cooling system that collects and moves solar heat with the assistance of mechanical power.
Active solar system
170
C Horizon
The layer of soil directly above bedrock, consisting of partially decomposed rock material
171
Condemnation
Taking private property for public use with compensation to the owner, under the right of eminent domain
172
Combined sewer
carries both storm water and sanitary or industrial wastes
173
The transfer of heat by the movement of a liquid or gas, such as air.
Convection
174
A system of trenches with gravel and loose pipes through which septic tank effluent may seep into the surrounding soil
Disposal / Drainage / Absorption field
175
The sensation produced by the combined effects of temperature, relative humidity and air movement
effective temperature
176
Effluent
partially treated liquid sewage flowing from any part of a disposal system to a place of final disposition.
177
Hachure
A shading technique used to depict ground form.
178
The amount of solar radiation on a given plane
isolation
179
The process by which deposited sediments are converted to firm rock
lithification
180
Rational Method
method for computing approximate storm water runoff
181
Subsidence
The sinking of land
182
The zone below the ground in which the spaces between soil grains contain both water and air.
Zone of aeration
