PPP Flashcards
Programmatic factors common to all buildings (3):
circulation
site access
efficiency ratio
Programming steps (5)
- establish objectives
- collect, organize and analyze facts
- formulate relationships
- establish priorities
- state the problem
Organizational Patterns (4)
Linear
Axial
Radial
Precinctual
Organizational pattern useful where the major circulation occurs between 2 points
Linear
Organizational pattern that allows for incremental development.
Axial
Organizational pattern that is inflexible but allows for max social interaction.
Radial
Organizational pattern that is flexible, compact, efficient and economical.
Precinctual
Net area does not include
circulation spaces or the area needed to service these spaces.
Functional areas can approximately be determined by considering:
- number of people involved
- size of specific objects involved
- established safety standards
90º parking requires a minimum of ____ feet for two-way traffic.
62’
20’ for each parking stall and 22’ between.
The principal priority in programming is to consider:
human dimensions
Where the edges of individual urban areas blend into each other to create a new growth pattern known as:
Megalopolis
European new towns have a density of ___ persons/acre.
30
American suburbs have a density of __ persons/acre.
10
The quality of a place that is clearly discernible and understandable as a physical environment:
Imageability
Sections of the environment having an identifying character
Districts
Radial space is also known as:
Sociopetal space
Spacial configuration that tends to keep people apart and suppresses communication
sociofugal
Physical pattern of places that individuals use for residences, work, recreation…
Use Network
Indigenous structures often faced __ to receive the winter sun.
South
Human comfort depends on
- Air temperature
- Air movement
- Relative humidity
- Solar radiation
The smallest difference between 2 sounds that the human ear can detect.
1 decibel
A comfortable noise level is between
50-60db
Outdoor space is perceived differently from indoor space, except in the matter of
proportion
Area from which a city, service or institution attracts a population that uses their services.
Catchment area
Type of ownership in which the buyer is given the title of the property, which includes the land and any improvements.
Fee Simple or Fee Simple Absolute
Type of ownership where a lessee gives compensation to the lesser for the rights of use and enjoyment of the land.
Leasehold
Type of ownership where the owner does not legally own a specific piece of physical property, but a sore of stock in a corporation that owns the land and structure. Owner cannot sell the property directly.
Cooperative
Type of ownership where the buyer obtains a fee simple ownership of a portion of a structure and part of the shared services, land and site improvements.
Condominium
Arrangement where the seller of an asset leases back the same asset from the purchaser.
Sale-and-Leaseback
___ code is simple to administer but discourages innovation. Specifies construction techniques, methods, and materials in detail.
Prescriptive Code
__ code promotes innovation in building design but may be difficult to administer. Establishes functional requirements under specific conditions.
Performance Code
___ code specifies the location and number of exits in a building.
Life Safety
___, ____ and ____ all have an effect on a structure’s ability to resist fire damage and protect occupants against fire hazard.
Building code, size, location
Off-site development costs can include:
- basic utilities
- water and gas service
- sewer line
- power lines
- communication lines
To protect and maintain in current state
Preservation
To prolong life and preserve the integrity of character
Rehabilitation
To improve or complete using modern techniques
Restoration
To recreate in all new materials
Reconstruction
Cement, mastic or roofing material which contains asphalt as a principal ingredient
Bituminous
Accessible stairways between stories must have a clear width of ___. However, if the stairway is serving an occupant load of
48”, 36”
Max slope of a ramp
1:12 or 8%
Handrails should be between ___ and ___
34”-38”
IBC use group A =
Assembly
IBC use group B =
Business
IBC use group E =
Educational
IBC use group F =
Factory/Industrial
IBC use group H =
High hazard
IBC use group I =
Institutional (healthcare facilities)
IBC use group M =
Mercantile
IBC use group R =
Residential
IBC use group S =
Storage
IBC use group U =
Utility/Misc.
Tony Garnier is known for
Cité Industrielle, one of the first to emphasize the idea of zoning
Reduction in property price do to the discovery of some problem that decreases its value
Abatement
The payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals. Each payment provides for a portion to be applied to the principal and the remainder to be applied to the interest.
Amortization
CC&R
Covenants, Conditions & Restrictions
The rights of a landowner to use or control all or a portion of the water in a body of water bordering his property.
Reparian Rights
HERs Index
Home Energy Rating
In the HERs Index, the lower the number the (better/worse)
better
Well decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter found in mineral soils.
Humus
Fixed auditorium type seating requires __ sq.ft. per occupant
7
An assessment made according to the value of a property
Property Tax
Architectural style that uses classical elements unconventional.
Mannerism
When land is highly irregular in its contours, ___ development is most appropriate.
Cluster-type
___ launched a classical revival movement, greater awareness of city planning, a profusion of dome-topped civic buildings, and promoted the monumental and grandiose.
City Beautiful Movement
___ traffic circulation is less destructive of the natural topography by following the natural contours of the land.
Curvilinear
Popular from 1850 - 1900 and features mansard roofs and pavilions consisting of forward breaks in elevation.
Second Empire Style
Autonomous Functioning
Allows a person with any handicap to use the building : Barrier-Free
Knurled Door Knob
used to identify hazardous areas to the visually impaired.
Spot Zoning vs Conditional Use
Spot- permits a use different from the surrounding area, but may be inconsistent with the general intent.
Conditional-permits different use but only if specific conditions are met and is in the public interest
Primary purpose of fire resistance requirements
to permit the safe egress of the occupants
Represents the fee charged by the lender to the borrower for the privilege of obtaining the loan.
Discount also known as placement charge, origination fee and points.
Scheduling construction operations with a network of diagrams
CPM
To calculate the gradient or slope
G=V/H
Solid topographic lines
represent proposed modifications to the existing landform
Dashed topographic lines
represent existing or natural topography
The US system of surveying public lands divides land into
checks - townships - sections
Clause in a deed that places limitations or restrictions on the use of property
Deed restriction
Type of lines that flow under pressure not by gravity
water and gas
When contours point uphill
Swale
When contours point downhill
Ridge
Septic drain fields should be at least ___ from any surface water or well.
100’
Cars require __ sq.ft. for parking including stalls and aisles.
300-400 sq.ft.
1 acre = __ sq.ft.
43,560 sq.ft
Largest ratio of net sq.ft. / occupant
dwellings, hotels, apartments, kitchens (commercial)
Smallest ratio of net sq.ft. / occupant
assembly areas, classrooms, dorms, library, shops
The urban land institute defines 3 basic types of retail centers:
neighborhood, community, regional
Underground parking can be estimated as __ x the cost of the average car.
2
Which of the following city planning patterns incorporate early concepts of zoning?
- The gridiron street system
- The Garden City
- The Cité Industrielle
- Haussman’s plan for Paris
Garden City developed a concentric system of relationships among public buildings, commercial buildings, housing, industry and agriculture
Cité Industrielle clearly separated public, residential and industrial areas.
According to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards, describe the hierarchy of rehabilitation for a historic building.
- Identify, retain and preserve the form and detailing
- Protect and maintain using the least degree of intervention
- Repair features using the least invasive means possible
- Replace an entire feature if deterioration is beyond repair.
Fire Zone
A zoning classification utilized by jurisdictions to designate high, moderate and low hazard areas based on population density, street access, building height, and capabilities of the local fire department.
Define Occupancy Classification
A category based upon the user-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended. The number of occupants and their activity determines the classification.
Typically who is responsible for securing the building permit, and at what phase of the project?
The contractor at the end of CDs
In chronological order, what are the five typical phases of an architect’s professional services?
SD, DD, CD, Bidding, CA
A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims or other debts.
Warranty Deed
Which of the following are NOT a part of programming?
- sales enclosure to be made of reflective glass
- sales to have direct access to loading docks
- circulation to follow a radial pattern
- foundations to be completed in 6wks
- the budget for finishes is 14% construction cost
- showroom to be circular in plan
- sales enclosure to be made of reflective glass
- circulation to follow a radial pattern
- showroom to be circular in plan
After completing the SD phase, what is the most significant reason NOT to proceed directly into the DD phase?
Insufficient project financing
What info is included in a topographic survey?
Site contours, property boundaries, existing buildings and landmarks utility locations & capacities, roads, circulation, access vegetation natural features
When does a client review the design of a project?
At the end of each design phase and upon completion of the construction documents.
A client proposes construction on a undeveloped plot of land. What are the architect’s principal concerns in analyzing this site?
views, accessibility, soil conditions, solar orientation, utility access, municipal service, wind patterns, zoning, easements, deed restrictions, land values
Process of identifying and organizing the objects and criteria of a project. Four main areas of concern are form, function, economy and time.
Programming
Five steps of programming
- determine goals and objectives
- compile facts
- explore concepts
- prioritize wants vs. needs
- write a program statement
What are the negative aspects of development in a rural area?
Negative environmental impact:
- alteration of natural land forms and drainage
- reduction of air quality
- displacement of indigenous wildlife and vegetation
- increase in traffic
- greater demand on infrastructure
What is contained in a program statement?
Statement that identifies the goals, objectives, and most important aspects of a project based on the analysis of the information gathered in the programming process.
Proforma statement
A means of determining a project’s construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.
The general costs of operating a business that cannot be directly assigned to a project.
Overhead
Which of the following is NOT a component of the project development budget?
- topographical survey
- moving expenses
- maintenance costs
- inflation
maintenance costs
A numerical notation of the exact height of a specific location on a site plan or topographical map used to identify key heights such as the base of a wall.
Spot elevation
The level of sub grade onto which material will be added to reach finish grade.
Pad elevation
What are the 4 key elements that affect a project development budget?
Scope, Quality, Cost, Time
In the early 1900s what was the result of indiscriminate expansion and development in lower Manhattan?
The 1916 Zoning Resolution was enacted.
When and where was the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the US established?
1916, NYC
A reference used to establish the height and location of other points.
Bench mark
A surveyed line used as a reference to locate property lines, structures, etc. The line to which surveys are referred for coordination.
Baseline
A horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referred. Also called a reference plane.
Datum
An area of a site designated to be unbuilt open space, between side of a building and the adjacent property line.
Yard
How does a project budget account for inflation?
An inflation factor based on the current cost and various inflation rate estimates gauge what the cost of construction will be at the midpoint of construction.
If the construction schedule can only be formalized by the contractor or construction manager, how can the architect inform the client of time scheduling during programming?
The architect makes an estimate of total construction time during programming to give the client a general idea of the move-in date.
What 3 factors are used by an architect to determine building code requirements for a particular project?
Function- classification by a letter and number
Construction Type
Location- setbacks, alleys, public streets, property lines
A major change in the CDs is required due to a recent change in the local building codes. What is the architect’s responsibility regarding the necessary changes in the CDs?
The architect is entitled to additional compensation.
AIA B141- circumstances such as building codes which are beyond the architect’s control are considered changes in the architect’s services.
In the program for a new hospital, which of the following should NOT be included?
- budget analysis
- bed count
- construction scheduling
- historic district design requirements
construction scheduling
A telescopic instrument usually mounted to a tripod base, used in surveying to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, compass directions and differences in elevations.
Transit
Soil that is placed around the exterior of a foundation wall or other excavation and compacted to avoid settlement. It should be free of debris and organic material that might later disintegrate and create void spaces.
Backfil
Any area of a community where negative conditions have adversely affected its desirability and it is an economic or atheistic liability to the surrounding community.
Blighted Area
A level or rolling treeless planning usually in an area of extreme temperature ranges.
Steppe
A legal entitlement to use the space above a specified horizontal plane such as a tract of land or existing building.
Air Rights
Which of the following is not considered a part of the programming process?
- Analyze the project budget
- Est. the functional relationships
- Analyze site components
- Est. the circulation plan
Est. the circulation plan
A biofiltration strip is a component of
runoff management
Broad vegetated surface that filters contaminants from stormwater on site and reduces erosion. This component receive runoff directly from impervious surfaces in relatively thin sheets.
Biofiltration Strip
Which of the following is the most efficient application of solar energy?
- space heating
- hot water
- air cooling
- refrigeration
Hot water
Solar hot water systems are very cost effective and an efficient means of utilizing solar energy.
Measurements from a fixed vertical or horizontal line used to locate a point.
Coordinate
A device that collects solar energy for use as an energy source. Typically, the collector is an insulated aluminum box with a sheet of glazing exposed to the sun.
Flat Plate Collector
The abbreviation “T.S.” on a site plan means what?
Top of Steps
A multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commercial use in industrial zones.
Cumulative zoning
Allows waivers from specific restrictions for developments which provide certain public amenities.
Incentive zoning
One of the largest timber and glass structures of its time (1840), the Great Conservatory and Crystal Palaces (1851) were designed by:
Sir Joseph Paxton
Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space
Off-Street Requirements
The abbreviation “B.C.” on a site plan means what?
Bottom of Curb
The abbreviation “T.C.” on a site plan means what?
Top of Curb
The abbreviation “B.W.” on a site plan means what?
Bottom of Wall
The abbreviation “T.W.” on a site plan means what?
Top of Wall
The abbreviation “P/L” on a site plan means what?
Property Line
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc
Considered the first restoration architect. Believed buildings should be restored to what they “should have been”
Paul Leon believed:
Felt that buildings must remain true to the past, be preserved as they are.
John Ruskin believed:
Argued in favor of a hands-off approach and believed significant buildings should remain unrestored.
What can be the effects of one-way streets on cyclists?
- limit direct connections
- may force cyclists onto heavily trafficked streets
A project manager’s role include:
- responsible for the project team
- balancing design issues with the schedule and budget
- preparing and reviewing contracts
- monitoring job progress, billing and invoicing
- handling change orders
Conditional Use vs Variance
Conditional is used when the purpose is deemed to be in the public’s interest.
Variance is for a privately owned property.
Which organizational concept for a school is most sociofugal?
- axial
- radial
- clustered
- grid
A grid plan results in many corridors and no central space or main circulation path to bring people together.
The other circulation plans promote social interaction.
Sociofugal vs Sociopetal
Sociofugal- does NOT promote social interaction
Sociopetal- promotes social interaction
In classical architecture, it is the beam member in the area of construction carried by the columns and is divided horizontally into an architrave, frieze and cornice
Entablature
Spans from column to column and rests directly on their capitals.
Architrave
Middle panel below the cornice
Frieze
___ light is more evenly diffused.
Northern
The most prevalent patterns of land use are
concentric zone pattern
sector pattern
multiple-nuclei
An increase in 10 decibels is perceived by the human ear as __ times as loud.
2
Land value assessment technique that most closely reflects market value but requires data on comparable land.
comparison method
Land value assessment technique that is used in highly developed areas with vacant land. Value is determined by estimating potential income from side improvements.
Income approach method
Land value assessment method that deducts the improvement values from the total site value.
Allocation Method
Land value assessment method that is used when sale prices of similar parcels are not available and uses estimated development cost instead.
Development Method
The 4 types of legal land ownership agreements are
joint tenancy, partnership, corporation, trustee
___ standpipes are continuously pressurized with water and connected with readily accessible hoses.
Wet
__ standpipes are not connected to a constant water supply, thus not subject to freezing
Dry
___ standpipes serve the occupants and the fire department.
combination
Cost analysis method used during pre-planning
single unit costs (per bed)
Cost analysis method used during programming
cost per sq.ft./unit cost
Cost analysis method used during SD
major elements of each subsystem (steel vs concrete)
Cost analysis method used during DD
detailed component costs (wood vs stone flooring)
Cost analysis method used during CD
composite unite rates for components, assemblies and systems
Secondary liability. Superior is responsible for the acts of their subordinate.
Vicarious Liability
Secondary liability. When someone is making contributions to the infringing acts of others.
Contributory Liability
Type of liability when one party is misrepresenting their services as being from another party.
Passing off
