PPP Flashcards
1
Q
Programmatic factors common to all buildings (3):
A
circulation
site access
efficiency ratio
2
Q
Programming steps (5)
A
- establish objectives
- collect, organize and analyze facts
- formulate relationships
- establish priorities
- state the problem
3
Q
Organizational Patterns (4)
A
Linear
Axial
Radial
Precinctual
4
Q
Organizational pattern useful where the major circulation occurs between 2 points
A
Linear
5
Q
Organizational pattern that allows for incremental development.
A
Axial
6
Q
Organizational pattern that is inflexible but allows for max social interaction.
A
Radial
7
Q
Organizational pattern that is flexible, compact, efficient and economical.
A
Precinctual
8
Q
Net area does not include
A
circulation spaces or the area needed to service these spaces.
9
Q
Functional areas can approximately be determined by considering:
A
- number of people involved
- size of specific objects involved
- established safety standards
10
Q
90º parking requires a minimum of ____ feet for two-way traffic.
A
62’
20’ for each parking stall and 22’ between.
11
Q
The principal priority in programming is to consider:
A
human dimensions
12
Q
Where the edges of individual urban areas blend into each other to create a new growth pattern known as:
A
Megalopolis
13
Q
European new towns have a density of ___ persons/acre.
A
30
14
Q
American suburbs have a density of __ persons/acre.
A
10
15
Q
The quality of a place that is clearly discernible and understandable as a physical environment:
A
Imageability
16
Q
Sections of the environment having an identifying character
A
Districts
17
Q
Radial space is also known as:
A
Sociopetal space
18
Q
Spacial configuration that tends to keep people apart and suppresses communication
A
sociofugal
19
Q
Physical pattern of places that individuals use for residences, work, recreation…
A
Use Network
20
Q
Indigenous structures often faced __ to receive the winter sun.
A
South
21
Q
Human comfort depends on
A
- Air temperature
- Air movement
- Relative humidity
- Solar radiation
22
Q
The smallest difference between 2 sounds that the human ear can detect.
A
1 decibel
23
Q
A comfortable noise level is between
A
50-60db
24
Q
Outdoor space is perceived differently from indoor space, except in the matter of
A
proportion
25
Area from which a city, service or institution attracts a population that uses their services.
Catchment area
26
Type of ownership in which the buyer is given the title of the property, which includes the land and any improvements.
Fee Simple or Fee Simple Absolute
27
Type of ownership where a lessee gives compensation to the lesser for the rights of use and enjoyment of the land.
Leasehold
28
Type of ownership where the owner does not legally own a specific piece of physical property, but a sore of stock in a corporation that owns the land and structure. Owner cannot sell the property directly.
Cooperative
29
Type of ownership where the buyer obtains a fee simple ownership of a portion of a structure and part of the shared services, land and site improvements.
Condominium
30
Arrangement where the seller of an asset leases back the same asset from the purchaser.
Sale-and-Leaseback
31
___ code is simple to administer but discourages innovation. Specifies construction techniques, methods, and materials in detail.
Prescriptive Code
32
__ code promotes innovation in building design but may be difficult to administer. Establishes functional requirements under specific conditions.
Performance Code
33
___ code specifies the location and number of exits in a building.
Life Safety
34
___, ____ and ____ all have an effect on a structure's ability to resist fire damage and protect occupants against fire hazard.
Building code, size, location
35
Off-site development costs can include:
- basic utilities
- water and gas service
- sewer line
- power lines
- communication lines
36
To protect and maintain in current state
Preservation
37
To prolong life and preserve the integrity of character
Rehabilitation
38
To improve or complete using modern techniques
Restoration
39
To recreate in all new materials
Reconstruction
40
Cement, mastic or roofing material which contains asphalt as a principal ingredient
Bituminous
41
Accessible stairways between stories must have a clear width of ___. However, if the stairway is serving an occupant load of
48", 36"
42
Max slope of a ramp
1:12 or 8%
43
Handrails should be between ___ and ___
34"-38"
44
IBC use group A =
Assembly
45
IBC use group B =
Business
46
IBC use group E =
Educational
47
IBC use group F =
Factory/Industrial
48
IBC use group H =
High hazard
49
IBC use group I =
Institutional (healthcare facilities)
50
IBC use group M =
Mercantile
51
IBC use group R =
Residential
52
IBC use group S =
Storage
53
IBC use group U =
Utility/Misc.
54
Tony Garnier is known for
Cité Industrielle, one of the first to emphasize the idea of zoning
55
Reduction in property price do to the discovery of some problem that decreases its value
Abatement
56
The payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals. Each payment provides for a portion to be applied to the principal and the remainder to be applied to the interest.
Amortization
57
CC&R
Covenants, Conditions & Restrictions
58
The rights of a landowner to use or control all or a portion of the water in a body of water bordering his property.
Reparian Rights
59
HERs Index
Home Energy Rating
60
In the HERs Index, the lower the number the (better/worse)
better
61
Well decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter found in mineral soils.
Humus
62
Fixed auditorium type seating requires __ sq.ft. per occupant
7
63
An assessment made according to the value of a property
Property Tax
64
Architectural style that uses classical elements unconventional.
Mannerism
65
When land is highly irregular in its contours, ___ development is most appropriate.
Cluster-type
66
___ launched a classical revival movement, greater awareness of city planning, a profusion of dome-topped civic buildings, and promoted the monumental and grandiose.
City Beautiful Movement
67
___ traffic circulation is less destructive of the natural topography by following the natural contours of the land.
Curvilinear
68
Popular from 1850 - 1900 and features mansard roofs and pavilions consisting of forward breaks in elevation.
Second Empire Style
69
Autonomous Functioning
Allows a person with any handicap to use the building : Barrier-Free
70
Knurled Door Knob
used to identify hazardous areas to the visually impaired.
71
Spot Zoning vs Conditional Use
Spot- permits a use different from the surrounding area, but may be inconsistent with the general intent.
Conditional-permits different use but only if specific conditions are met and is in the public interest
72
Primary purpose of fire resistance requirements
to permit the safe egress of the occupants
73
Represents the fee charged by the lender to the borrower for the privilege of obtaining the loan.
Discount also known as placement charge, origination fee and points.
74
Scheduling construction operations with a network of diagrams
CPM
75
To calculate the gradient or slope
G=V/H
76
Solid topographic lines
represent proposed modifications to the existing landform
77
Dashed topographic lines
represent existing or natural topography
78
The US system of surveying public lands divides land into
checks - townships - sections
79
Clause in a deed that places limitations or restrictions on the use of property
Deed restriction
80
Type of lines that flow under pressure not by gravity
water and gas
81
When contours point uphill
Swale
82
When contours point downhill
Ridge
83
Septic drain fields should be at least ___ from any surface water or well.
100'
84
Cars require __ sq.ft. for parking including stalls and aisles.
300-400 sq.ft.
85
1 acre = __ sq.ft.
43,560 sq.ft
86
Largest ratio of net sq.ft. / occupant
dwellings, hotels, apartments, kitchens (commercial)
87
Smallest ratio of net sq.ft. / occupant
assembly areas, classrooms, dorms, library, shops
88
The urban land institute defines 3 basic types of retail centers:
neighborhood, community, regional
89
Underground parking can be estimated as __ x the cost of the average car.
2
90
Which of the following city planning patterns incorporate early concepts of zoning?
- The gridiron street system
- The Garden City
- The Cité Industrielle
- Haussman's plan for Paris
Garden City developed a concentric system of relationships among public buildings, commercial buildings, housing, industry and agriculture
Cité Industrielle clearly separated public, residential and industrial areas.
91
According to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards, describe the hierarchy of rehabilitation for a historic building.
- Identify, retain and preserve the form and detailing
- Protect and maintain using the least degree of intervention
- Repair features using the least invasive means possible
- Replace an entire feature if deterioration is beyond repair.
92
Fire Zone
A zoning classification utilized by jurisdictions to designate high, moderate and low hazard areas based on population density, street access, building height, and capabilities of the local fire department.
93
Define Occupancy Classification
A category based upon the user-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended. The number of occupants and their activity determines the classification.
94
Typically who is responsible for securing the building permit, and at what phase of the project?
The contractor at the end of CDs
95
In chronological order, what are the five typical phases of an architect's professional services?
SD, DD, CD, Bidding, CA
96
A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims or other debts.
Warranty Deed
97
Which of the following are NOT a part of programming?
- sales enclosure to be made of reflective glass
- sales to have direct access to loading docks
- circulation to follow a radial pattern
- foundations to be completed in 6wks
- the budget for finishes is 14% construction cost
- showroom to be circular in plan
- sales enclosure to be made of reflective glass
- circulation to follow a radial pattern
- showroom to be circular in plan
98
After completing the SD phase, what is the most significant reason NOT to proceed directly into the DD phase?
Insufficient project financing
99
What info is included in a topographic survey?
```
Site contours,
property boundaries,
existing buildings and landmarks
utility locations & capacities,
roads, circulation, access
vegetation
natural features
```
100
When does a client review the design of a project?
At the end of each design phase and upon completion of the construction documents.
101
A client proposes construction on a undeveloped plot of land. What are the architect's principal concerns in analyzing this site?
views, accessibility, soil conditions, solar orientation, utility access, municipal service, wind patterns, zoning, easements, deed restrictions, land values
102
Process of identifying and organizing the objects and criteria of a project. Four main areas of concern are form, function, economy and time.
Programming
103
Five steps of programming
- determine goals and objectives
- compile facts
- explore concepts
- prioritize wants vs. needs
- write a program statement
104
What are the negative aspects of development in a rural area?
Negative environmental impact:
- alteration of natural land forms and drainage
- reduction of air quality
- displacement of indigenous wildlife and vegetation
- increase in traffic
- greater demand on infrastructure
105
What is contained in a program statement?
Statement that identifies the goals, objectives, and most important aspects of a project based on the analysis of the information gathered in the programming process.
106
Proforma statement
A means of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.
107
The general costs of operating a business that cannot be directly assigned to a project.
Overhead
108
Which of the following is NOT a component of the project development budget?
- topographical survey
- moving expenses
- maintenance costs
- inflation
maintenance costs
109
A numerical notation of the exact height of a specific location on a site plan or topographical map used to identify key heights such as the base of a wall.
Spot elevation
110
The level of sub grade onto which material will be added to reach finish grade.
Pad elevation
111
What are the 4 key elements that affect a project development budget?
Scope, Quality, Cost, Time
112
In the early 1900s what was the result of indiscriminate expansion and development in lower Manhattan?
The 1916 Zoning Resolution was enacted.
113
When and where was the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the US established?
1916, NYC
114
A reference used to establish the height and location of other points.
Bench mark
115
A surveyed line used as a reference to locate property lines, structures, etc. The line to which surveys are referred for coordination.
Baseline
116
A horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referred. Also called a reference plane.
Datum
117
An area of a site designated to be unbuilt open space, between side of a building and the adjacent property line.
Yard
118
How does a project budget account for inflation?
An inflation factor based on the current cost and various inflation rate estimates gauge what the cost of construction will be at the midpoint of construction.
119
If the construction schedule can only be formalized by the contractor or construction manager, how can the architect inform the client of time scheduling during programming?
The architect makes an estimate of total construction time during programming to give the client a general idea of the move-in date.
120
What 3 factors are used by an architect to determine building code requirements for a particular project?
Function- classification by a letter and number
Construction Type
Location- setbacks, alleys, public streets, property lines
121
A major change in the CDs is required due to a recent change in the local building codes. What is the architect's responsibility regarding the necessary changes in the CDs?
The architect is entitled to additional compensation.
AIA B141- circumstances such as building codes which are beyond the architect's control are considered changes in the architect's services.
122
In the program for a new hospital, which of the following should NOT be included?
- budget analysis
- bed count
- construction scheduling
- historic district design requirements
construction scheduling
123
A telescopic instrument usually mounted to a tripod base, used in surveying to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, compass directions and differences in elevations.
Transit
124
Soil that is placed around the exterior of a foundation wall or other excavation and compacted to avoid settlement. It should be free of debris and organic material that might later disintegrate and create void spaces.
Backfil
125
Any area of a community where negative conditions have adversely affected its desirability and it is an economic or atheistic liability to the surrounding community.
Blighted Area
126
A level or rolling treeless planning usually in an area of extreme temperature ranges.
Steppe
127
A legal entitlement to use the space above a specified horizontal plane such as a tract of land or existing building.
Air Rights
128
Which of the following is not considered a part of the programming process?
- Analyze the project budget
- Est. the functional relationships
- Analyze site components
- Est. the circulation plan
Est. the circulation plan
129
A biofiltration strip is a component of
runoff management
130
Broad vegetated surface that filters contaminants from stormwater on site and reduces erosion. This component receive runoff directly from impervious surfaces in relatively thin sheets.
Biofiltration Strip
131
Which of the following is the most efficient application of solar energy?
- space heating
- hot water
- air cooling
- refrigeration
Hot water
| Solar hot water systems are very cost effective and an efficient means of utilizing solar energy.
132
Measurements from a fixed vertical or horizontal line used to locate a point.
Coordinate
133
A device that collects solar energy for use as an energy source. Typically, the collector is an insulated aluminum box with a sheet of glazing exposed to the sun.
Flat Plate Collector
134
The abbreviation "T.S." on a site plan means what?
Top of Steps
135
A multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commercial use in industrial zones.
Cumulative zoning
136
Allows waivers from specific restrictions for developments which provide certain public amenities.
Incentive zoning
137
One of the largest timber and glass structures of its time (1840), the Great Conservatory and Crystal Palaces (1851) were designed by:
Sir Joseph Paxton
138
Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space
Off-Street Requirements
139
The abbreviation "B.C." on a site plan means what?
Bottom of Curb
140
The abbreviation "T.C." on a site plan means what?
Top of Curb
141
The abbreviation "B.W." on a site plan means what?
Bottom of Wall
142
The abbreviation "T.W." on a site plan means what?
Top of Wall
143
The abbreviation "P/L" on a site plan means what?
Property Line
144
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc
Considered the first restoration architect. Believed buildings should be restored to what they "should have been"
145
Paul Leon believed:
Felt that buildings must remain true to the past, be preserved as they are.
146
John Ruskin believed:
Argued in favor of a hands-off approach and believed significant buildings should remain unrestored.
147
What can be the effects of one-way streets on cyclists?
- limit direct connections
| - may force cyclists onto heavily trafficked streets
148
A project manager's role include:
- responsible for the project team
- balancing design issues with the schedule and budget
- preparing and reviewing contracts
- monitoring job progress, billing and invoicing
- handling change orders
149
Conditional Use vs Variance
Conditional is used when the purpose is deemed to be in the public's interest.
Variance is for a privately owned property.
150
Which organizational concept for a school is most sociofugal?
- axial
- radial
- clustered
- grid
A grid plan results in many corridors and no central space or main circulation path to bring people together.
The other circulation plans promote social interaction.
151
Sociofugal vs Sociopetal
Sociofugal- does NOT promote social interaction
Sociopetal- promotes social interaction
152
In classical architecture, it is the beam member in the area of construction carried by the columns and is divided horizontally into an architrave, frieze and cornice
Entablature
153
Spans from column to column and rests directly on their capitals.
Architrave
154
Middle panel below the cornice
Frieze
155
___ light is more evenly diffused.
Northern
156
The most prevalent patterns of land use are
concentric zone pattern
sector pattern
multiple-nuclei
157
An increase in 10 decibels is perceived by the human ear as __ times as loud.
2
158
Land value assessment technique that most closely reflects market value but requires data on comparable land.
comparison method
159
Land value assessment technique that is used in highly developed areas with vacant land. Value is determined by estimating potential income from side improvements.
Income approach method
160
Land value assessment method that deducts the improvement values from the total site value.
Allocation Method
161
Land value assessment method that is used when sale prices of similar parcels are not available and uses estimated development cost instead.
Development Method
162
The 4 types of legal land ownership agreements are
joint tenancy, partnership, corporation, trustee
163
___ standpipes are continuously pressurized with water and connected with readily accessible hoses.
Wet
164
__ standpipes are not connected to a constant water supply, thus not subject to freezing
Dry
165
___ standpipes serve the occupants and the fire department.
combination
166
Cost analysis method used during pre-planning
single unit costs (per bed)
167
Cost analysis method used during programming
cost per sq.ft./unit cost
168
Cost analysis method used during SD
major elements of each subsystem (steel vs concrete)
169
Cost analysis method used during DD
detailed component costs (wood vs stone flooring)
170
Cost analysis method used during CD
composite unite rates for components, assemblies and systems
171
Secondary liability. Superior is responsible for the acts of their subordinate.
Vicarious Liability
172
Secondary liability. When someone is making contributions to the infringing acts of others.
Contributory Liability
173
Type of liability when one party is misrepresenting their services as being from another party.
Passing off
174
Liability making a party legally responsible regardless of fault.
Strict
175
Liability that covers office operations and non-professional activities at a job site. Includes property damage, bodily injury, personal injury (defamation of character, slips and falls, slander, libel, false arrest)
Commercial General Liability
176
4 basic ways to deal with Risk Management
Retain
Reduce
Transfer
Avoid
177
Endorsements are used to
eliminate exclusions and expand coverage
178
Plan used for building specific maintenance and operational procedures.
Tactical plan
179
Plan that looks at building, site and infrastructure relationships
Master Plan
180
Analysis of existing infrastructure capacity and resultant organizational needs statement.
Strategic facility plan
181
Movement and churn refer to
the rotation and turn-over of employees
182
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment involves:
research and identification of site conditions for contamination without chemical analysis or testing.
183
Liability that must be in effect both when the occurrence happened and when the claim is submitted.
Claims-made (professional liability)
184
Liability that only needs to be in effect when the occurrence happens.
occurrence policy (general liability)
185
Used to support the building operations by incrusting the efficiency and utilization of support services to support the building occupants through better services and resource allocation.
Computer aided facilities management
186
Analysis of an organization's needs and existing space resources useful for facility planning purposes to determine best utilization of space.
Gap analysis
187
Insurance purchased specifically per each project and is thus time specific, covers the negligence for the entire design team and costs are easily identifiable.
Project insurance
188
Biomass energy plants may use wood collected at a max distance of __ miles and wood waste from houses built after ___
60, 1978
189
Blanket loans are used by developers to
purchase land that will then be subdivided and resold
190
Mezzanine loans are used by developers for
large projects. Loan has a variable interest that increases near the time of repayment and is secured by stocks in the company.
191
Type of loan used in a distressed financial situation.
Hard money loan
192
Financial analysis of a project including cost and feasibility.
Pro Forma
193
A mill levy is
tax rate
194
___ requires developers to either dedicate land for public use or many to purchase additional land.
Subdivision exaction
195
Type I construction is ___ resistive to fire.
most
196
To determine the width of exits, stairways can be determined by multiplying the occupant load by
.03
197
To determine the width of exits (excluding stairs), multiply the occupant load by
.02
198
ADA requires a clear floor space of ___ for 1 wheelchair
30" x 48"
199
ADA requires
__ accessible spaces for >50
__ accessible spaces for 50-100
__ accessible spaces for 101-500
2, 3, 5
200
Term used in historic preservation designating certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date under a later contract.
Mothballing
201
City zoning was first modeled by
Tony Garnier
202
Area needed for mechanical, electrical and telephone equipment, walk, wall thickness, circulation, public toilets
Tare Space
203
Which consultants are likely to be involved in preliminary design?
landscape architect, civil engineer
204
Max sound level identified by the EPA to protect again hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress and learning detriment
70db
205
Limitation and rules by developers, builders, and homeowner associations.
Covenants, conditions and restrictions
206
Year-by-year projection of a project's expenses and income. (of particular interest to a project's lenders and investors)
Operating Pro-forma
207
Dashed arrows in a CPM are known as
Dummies
208
Programming does/does not include codes & regulations, geotechnical surveys.
does NOT
209
Essential elements in architectural programming
project type, goals and objectives, quantitative requirements.
210
ADA accessible route may be reduced to 32" when
for a max depth of 24"
211
SPL stands for
sound pressure level
| -the effect of sound form a source in an enclosed space
212
The best way to reduce the number of change orders is to finish the coordination and quality control
before issuing the bid package
213
AIA C401-2007 includes a flow-down provision that extends the responsibilities and rights between the architect and owner down to
consultants
214
During schematic design, outline specifications are typically broken down into
divisions
215
Comprehensive planning document that guides the development of a defied geographic area in a mix of uses including residential commercial, industrial, schools, parks and open space. Typically paid for by a city
Specific Plan
216
Long term policy guide for the physical, economic, and environmental growth of a city and represents the community's vision of its ultimate physical growth.
General Plan
217
EIR stands for
Environmental Impact Report
218
An EIR is typically paid for by
the owner
219
OPR stands for
Owner's Project Requirements
220
BOD stands for
Basis of design
221
AIA agreement between owner and contractor, stipulated sum, arbitration is ___ and mediation is ____
binding, mandatory
222
Tare Space is also known as
unassigned area or secondary space
223
Function, form, time and economy are considered during:
Programming
224
Report who's purpose is to explore the underground soil conditions and provide design recommendations and guidelines for the structural engineer.
Soils report
225
Report that typically includes seismic considerations, footing and foundation design guidelines.
Soils report
226
PLSS stands for
Public Land Survey System
227
Retention and Detention ponds are meant to
improve water quality
228
The best method to reduce asbestos exposure in an existing building is to
keep asbestos-containing materials in place without disturbing
229
Waiver of subrogation
A party to a contract waives the right to allow someone (usu. the insurance company) to sue the other party to the contract in case of a loss
230
Relieves one party from liability and is intended to protect one party from being sued for their wrongdoing or negligence.
Exculpatory Clause
231
Waiver of abrogation
waives the right to appeal
232
___ buildings receive the most tax incentives (with regard to historical buildings)
rehabilitated
233
Graywater is defined as
household water that has not come in contact with the kitchen sink or toilet waste.
234
Reclaimed water requires
special piping
235
Open spaces are defines as
pervious and vegetated or non-built environments.
236
Life Cycle Cost Analysis vs Life Cycle Analysis
LCCA is unique to LEED. Estimates overall costs of alternatives to select the option with the lowest overall cost of ownership
LCA- cradle-to-cradle, life cycle assessment used to evaluate the environmental impact of a service or product
237
ODP stands for
Ozone depletion potential
238
Put in order of least to greatest toxicity:
CFC, HFC, HCFC
HFC, HCFC, CFC
239
Evaluates the environmental performance of service and products. Includes Design for Environment, Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Labels & Declaration.
ISO 14000
240
Program that considers scope, area minims and adjacencies, ballpark costs and site analysis.
Facilities program
241
Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.
Proctor compaction test
242
Measure of the spread of arms
Fathom
243
When business owners of a specific district pay an increased tax for public space improvements with the intention that it will enhance an area's appeal.
Business Improvement District
244
Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements. After redevelopment, taxes increase due to the improvements and the difference is used to repay the bonds.
Tax increment financing
245
Used to fund a civic project (library, police station) and requires voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax.
General Obligation Bonds
246
Tax based on the value of the property.
Ad Valorem Tax
247
Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings.
Restrictive covenants
248
___ covenant commits a buyer to performing duties in the future.
Affirmative
249
___ covenant mandates if a restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revert back to original owner.
conditional
250
Typically doubling the distance between the source and ear reduces the sound level by
6db
251
The study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction.
proxemics
252
Standard that sets the number of asbestos fibers a worker can be exposed to
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
253
An EPA regulation that dictates requirement of ACM removal before remodel in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air.
NESHAP - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
254
__ is responsible for cost to identify and remove asbestos.
Owner
255
HEPA vacuuming, area isolation, and avoiding sawing, sanding or drilling are techniques to minimize
asbestos fibers during removal
256
Cardo and Decumanus
the two major (perpendicular) streets in a Roman town
257
Japanese landscape technique to visually extend the foreground into the distance and surrounding context and blend new construction into it to blend the 3 together
Shakkei
258
When parts are equal in size and located around a reference axis
static form
259
When parts are unequal in size and arranged around a reference axis.
dynamic form
260
To calculate the parking area for suburban shopping centers multiply the building size by
2
261
School classrooms are generally ___ sq.ft.
800-1000
262
Optimum depth of seating in a theater is __ x the stage width.
4-5
263
Standard single patient hospital rooms are __ sq.ft. and double rooms are __ sq.ft.
150, 200
264
The connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life.
Biophilia
265
Low U-factor has __ heat loss,
| High U-factor has __ heat loss
slow, rapid
266
R-Value is typically the ___ of U-Value
opposite
267
Heat loss in glass is about __ x greater than an insulated wall.
20
268
Coined "imageability" and "way finding"
Kevin Lynch
269
Wrote about a "generative form" which provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to the architect based on the environment.
Christopher Alexander
270
Suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than then sum of its parts)
Camillo Sitte (late 1800s)
271
Instrumental figure in the development of the skyscraper and believed that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park.
Daniel Burnham
272
"Father of the American Skyscraper"
William LeBaron Jenney
273
Strong advocate of the neighborhood community and recreation center.
Clarence Perry
274
Road intersections should avoid angles less than
80º
275
Traffic lights are required at intersections with more than __ cars per hour
750
276
Parking spaces are typically __ wide by ___ long
9' x 18'
277
Accessible parking spaces are a minimum of __ wide with an __ wide alley for cars or __ wide for vans.
minimum 8' wide
| 5' - cars, 8' - vans
278
Allow __ sq.ft. per car when designing a lot.
300
279
Collective transit systems need at least a population density of __ persons per acre.
30
280
__ use areas must be separated by a one-hour fire barrier that have self-closing doors with no air transfer openings and/or have a fire suppression system.
Incidental Use Area
281
__ use areas must not exceed 10% of the total floor area allowed by the height/area table.
Accessory Use Area
282
A building with a Class A flame spread rating will burn faster/slower than a Class E rated building.
slower
283
Used by firms to determine the amount of time spent on billable work as a percentage of total time the employee is compensated.
Utilization Ratio, UR = billable hours/ total hours
284
Costs can be estimated based on similar building types during which phase of design?
programming
285
A series AIA contracts involve the ___ & ___
owner & general contractor
286
B series AIA contracts involve the ___ & ___
owner & architect
287
C series AIA contracts involve the ___ & ___
Architect & consultant
288
D series AIA contracts are for
Industry standard documents
289
E series AIA contracts are for
Contract and Office administration forms
290
Part of the contract documents which states the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved.
General conditions
291
Method used to reach an agreement between parties but NOT legally binding.
Mediation
292
Which 3 of the following articulate symbolic intention and design image in a building program?
- Entry or Arrival
- Procession or circulation
- Destination or purpose
- Meeting or Conference
- Exit or Departure
- Entry or Arrival
- Procession or circulation
- Destination or purpose
293
Which of the following climatic regions requires a greater number of design solutions to provide a controlled physical environment?
- tropical
- arctic
- temperate
- arid
temperate
294
Which of the following is NOT one of Camillo Sitte's artistic principles of town building?
- The development of towns as formally ordered statements of linear circulation
- The formation of plazas and streets into organic spatial patterns
- Emphasis on the informal nature of the classical mode of town planning
- The formation of towns as coherent organisms to be achieved through proper correlation of building units
The development of towns as formally ordered statements of linear circulation
295
The term "policy board" is associated with which of the following agreements?
- joint venture
- association
- loose association
joint venture
296
Which of the following building types would be LEAST affected by land use and development control regulations?
- housing
- hospitals
- commercial
- federal
federal
297
Which method of scheduling is most likely to have the best commitment from the architect's project team?
- bar chart
- CPM
- full wall schedule
- milestone
full wall chart
298
Which of the following is NOT a 20th Century new town?
- Williamsburg, VA
- Columbia, MA
- Reston, VA
- Greenbelt, MA
Williamsburg
299
The phrase "level of amenity" if most likely associated with which of the following?
- SD
- conceptual design
- market study
- Interior design
market study
300
RPC stands for
Residential planned communities
301
Primogeniture
land passed down from father to eldest son
302
The homestead act was passed by congress in ___
1862
303
How much time does the architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?
must respond with reasonable promptness
304
What does ALTA stand for?
American Land Title Association
305
What material contains the most embodied energy?
| steel or aluminum
Aluminum
306
What are 3 of the most-common products where asbestos might be present in existing construction?
tiles, insulation, siding
307
What would be a reasonable dB level for a normal office conversation from 3-5' away?
60-70dB
308
A proprietary specification is a type of __ specification.
closed
309
What are typically found under roads?
sewers and water mains
310
Standard of care is measured by what?
The professional skill and care provided by architects practicing in the same or similar locality under the same or similar circumstances.
311
The maximum rise of an ADA ramp is
30"
312
What type of development pattern is mostly amorphous?
field pattern
313
What is an access aisle?
An accessible pedestrian space adjacent to or between parking spaces that provides clearances in compliance with the building code.
314
What are the 3 types of surveys?
as-built, construction, covenant
315
How many inches is 1 mil?
.001
316
What is the order of the programming process?
```
establish objectives
collect data
formulate relationships
establish priorities
program statement
```
317
How much time does the architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?
Action must be taken in accordance with the submittal scheduled approved by the architect or in absence, must respond with reasonable promptness.
318
As a general rule, how far apart should same-direction curves in roads be at the very minimum?
200'
319
An ADA riser has a maximum dimension of
7"
| Risers shall be between 4"-7"
320
Depending on weather conditions and design speeds, streets should not have more than a __ grade
10%
321
What is true about restoration?
It focuses on retaining materials that are most significant to a property's history while permitting the removal of materials from other periods.
322
What are general obligation bonds?
Bonds issued by a city or state and backed by general tax revenue and the issuer's credit
323
At the center of the typical medieval village, one could find
A crossroads
324
What is the essential objective of CPTED?
Crime prevention
325
What does CPTED stand for?
Crime prevention through environmental design
326
What is the standard minimum width for an exit corridor?
44"
327
When must a detailed composition of a catchment area be known in order to make informed development decisions?
most of the time
328
What is NOT a characteristic of the star-shaped city model?
central plaza
329
A subsystems estimate is primarily used during which two phases of design?
DD, CD
330
LCA is an acronym for
Life-cycle assessment
331
What is the minimum vertical clearance required for large trucks and loading dock berths?
14'
332
What speed of air movement is ideal to promote human comfort?
50-100 ft/min
333
What is true about convergent photogrammetry?
- accuracy of +/- .05%
- relatively inexpensive
- slower than laser scanning
334
Define convergent photogrammetry
Multiple oblique images are taken at different angles using reference points and combined using specialized software to make an accurate 3D model.
335
What is true about clay?
- particles are under .002mm in diameter
- smooth when dry
- sticky when wet
- expands when wet
336
What particle size classifies sand?
.002mm - .005mm in diameter
337
Who fulfills the role of an "initial decision maker"?
Architect
338
Collector streets connect ___ and ___.
Arterial streets, expressways
339
The ___ side of a hill is the side away from the wind direction.
Leeward
340
Which of the following are factors that may determine the boundaries of a catchment area (3)?
- availability of transportation
- economic wealth
- physical features
- ethnicity
- availability of transportation
- economic wealth
- physical features
341
What particle size does silt have?
.002 - .05mm in diameter
342
What is the particle size of clay?
less than .002mm in diameter
343
As a general rule, how far apart should opposite-direction curves in roads be at the very minimum?
100'
344
What can happen when concrete is poured on frozen ground?
- cracking
| - crusting
345
What is crusting concrete?
top part of the concrete sets and the bottom is still soft.
346
When the architect is analyzing the choice between renovating an existing library or demolishing it and constructing a new library, the architect should first recommend that
a feasibility study be prepared
347
Blocking and stacking within the programming process is most critical when considering
site limitations
348
Which of the following aspects of development is controlled by a municipality's zoning ordinance?
- development density
- flood impact
- land usage
- life safety requirements
- parking requirements
- development density
- flood impact
- land usage
- parking requirements
349
A "ponding" requirement means that the architect must provide
an area where excess rainwater can be retained and discharged into a storm sewer
350
Which of the following consultant engineers typically consumes the greatest percentage of project fees on school projects?
mechanical
351
What are the straight sections of roads called?
tangents
352
Asbestos became known as a wonder-material in the 1950s and 60s because it was __, __, and __.
lightweight, fireproof, inexpensive
353
What are the 4 primary classifications of soil type?
clay, gravel, sands, silt
354
For the legal concept of agency, how many parties must be involved?
3: principal, agent, and a third party
355
Environmental impacts from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse, or disposal.
Life-cycle assessment analysis
356
Bonds issues by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing public enterprises.
public enterprise revenue bonds
357
SVE stands for
Soil vapor extraction
358
Method of remediation which involves removing the contaminants from the unsaturated soil and treating them above ground.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE)
359
What particle size does silt have?
.002mm - .05 mm in diameter
360
A relatively small area in which a number of people live, share similar needs and desires and other aspects of day-to-day living.
neighborhood
361
How are landmarks defined?
strategic centers of interest that people cannot enter and view from the exterior.
362
A __ analysis should include a determination of the types of public access available and the location relative to the site.
site
363
What is the best way to reduce the risk of damaging existing trees during construction?
Keep grading out of the tree's drip line.
364
As a rule of thumb, the spread of a tree's underground root structure is ___ times larger than a tree's canopy or crown.
1-3
365
What particle size classifies clay?
less than .002mm in diameter
366
Which 2 elements contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer?
chlorine and bromine
367
How large is a township?
6 mi x 6 mi
368
According to the AIA General Conditions (A201), upon receiving a submittal, an architect may take which three of the following actions?
approved, approved as noted, not approved
369
What is the purpose of a bulk plane restriction?
It ensures sufficient light and air for neighboring properties
370
In what 2 ways can the health risks of asbestos found in building renovation be avoided?
abatement (removing) or encapsulating (sealing)
371
What are the most common groundwater remediation techniques?
Extraction/treatment
372
How long are most deed restrictions established for?
10-30 years
373
During the programming phase, a proposed building's height would be most influenced by the decision to use
- daylighting
- indirect lighting
- interstitial spaces
interstitial spaces
374
"A house is a machine for living in," is the philosophy of
Le Corbusier
375
While developing the preliminary project schedule during the programming phase, which would be the most reliable sources of information about construction time?
- an annually published cost and scheduling book
- historical documents on similar projects from the architect's office
- a contracting firm that has done work for the architect in the past
- the construction manager whom the client has hired for the job
- historical documents on similar projects from the architect's office
- the construction manager whom the client has hired for the job
376
The statement "develop a multilevel system of pedestrian circulation" is an example of a
design concept
377
A fast-track schedule can reduce the time of the project from __% - __%
10-30
378
A ___ provides raw data for analysis and development of a facilities program.
functional program
379
Who typically prepares a functional program?
owner
380
Which of these is true of a vegetated roof?
- it will have a longer lifespan than a conventional membrane roofing system
- it is more expensive to maintain than a traditional roofing system
-it will have a longer lifespan than a conventional membrane roofing system
381
A retaining wall is LEAST likely to fail by
- spalling
- sliding
- settling
- overturning
spalling
382
Define spalling
the deterioration of concrete or masonry caused by excessive moisture
383
Arrange the 5 activities completed during programming:
- collect data
- define the problem
- develop programmatic concepts
- owner describes project goals
- reconcile list of spaces with project budget
- owner describes project goals
- collect data
- develop programmatic concepts
- reconcile list of spaces with project budget
- define the problem
384
What are the defining characteristics of a Green town plan?
- based on a system of rectilinear blocks devoted to residential uses,
- a city center containing public buildings and commerce
- included an irregular wall erected around the perimeter
385
Roman town plans:
More regular and symmetrical than Greek plans with two main streets, the cards and the decananus. Central areas featured grand buildings rather than marketplaces.
386
Cities that were designed to be a complete and harmonious whole, considering the design of buildings, streetscapes, piazza or courtyards and gardens comprehensively.
Renaissance towns
387
The Nationale-Nederlanden Building in Prague displays anthropomorphism because
it resembles the forms of dancers
388
The Erechtheum near the Parthenon uses columns in the forms of ___ which is why it is considered an anthropomorphic building
maidens
389
Le Corbusier likened the ground floor columns of the Unité d'Habitation to
the "strong, curvaceous thighs of a woman"
390
Which of the following was the first dome to be constructed without the use of centering?
- pantheon
- St. Peter's Basilica
- Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral (1420) was constructed using a double-shell, pointed dome with a ribbed structure infilled with lightweight materials.
391
Partnering is/is not a contractural relationship
is not
392
A method of construction delivery that obtains an early fixed price for a project based on a set of design documents and then gives the contractor responsibility for determining the details of construction is called
bridging
393
Criteria architect, contract documents, bids from prequalified design-build contractors, architect administration of the contract for construction describe which design-build approach?
Bridging
394
When the critical path of a construction schedule is shortened, direct costs will __ and overhead costs will __
increase, decrease
395
Which would not be included in a contractor's project overhead costs?
- transportation expenses
- payroll taxes
- permits
payroll taxes are considered to be part of labor costs. Project overhead costs exclude labor, materials and equipment.
396
Which of the following statements regarding eminent domain is false?
- fair market value of a property is always based on the market data analysis method of valuation
- the power of eminent domain may be delegated to a private, for-profit company
If values cannot be agreed upon, eminent domain proceedings may be initiated. A jury may be appointed to determine the property value if the "condemnation commissioners" cannot determine a value suitable to both parties.
397
The power of eminent domain may be delegated to a private, for-profit company when
the project serves the public interest by promoting economic development.
398
Littoral rights can be likened to
riparian rights
399
An architect's cost opinion for a project would not include
- professional fees
- hard costs
- contractor's overhead and profit
- contingency allowances
professional fees
400
Hard costs are defined as
costs of labor and materials
401
An area that is perceived as a symbol of a part of a city is
core
402
Knowing potential ___ helps the architect and owner get a feel for how much the unknowns or unique conditions may add to the cost of the project.
premium
examples include: short construction periods, unusual contract provisions, challenging site conditions, and nonstandard programmatic elements
403
Which of these documents establishes unit prices?
- owner/contractor agreement
- general conditions
- supplementary conditions
- special conditions
owner-contractor agreement
404
What is the intent of defensible space?
to allow residents to control the areas around their homes
405
Which of the following detains water and allows it to be absorbed slowly by the ground?
- bioswale
- infiltration basin
- catch basin
infiltration basin
406
A pond that temporarily collects water and allows it to be released only through absorption into the earth
infiltration basin
407
grassy sloped ditch that filters the storm runoff as it is directed away from a building or paved area and allows water to seep into the ground helping to recharge aquifers
bioswale
408
Which of the following strategies would not be employed in a community adopting the principles of defensible space?
- gated streets
- loan programs for first-time homebuyers
- specification of vandal-resistant materials
specification of vandal-resistant materials
409
From largest to smallest what types of streets are there?
expressway, arterial, collector-distributor, local access roads
410
A road that connects an interstate to a street on the outskirts of a residential area is known as a(n)
arterial
411
The allowable height of a building is determined by:
- use group
- type of construction
- fire-suppression system
- means of egress
- occupancy
- zoning ordinances
- use group
- type of construction
- fire-suppression system
- zoning ordinances
412
Which of the following may serve as a required exit?
- a fire escape with metal grate treads
- an exterior stairway with solid treads
exterior stairway with solid treads
413
A special design approach and construction method may be required in areas where the water table is less than __ ft. under the surface.
6 ft
414
Materials with __ albedo and __ conductivity will help to moderate the microclimate.
low albedo and high conductivity
415
The higher the albedo number the more ___ the surface.
reflective
416
When a person converts a present value into a stream of equal annual payments over a specified time at a specified discount rate, they are using
uniform capital recovery
417
Which foundation strategy least disturbs natural surface drainage patterns?
- piles
- stepped foundation
piles
418
Whose writings represent retaliation against the modern architecture of the 1950s and 60s and advocates owner-directed selection of program concepts?
Christopher Alexander
419
Kenneth Frampton was a(n) ___
architectural historian
420
William Peña is known for his writings on
architectural programming
421
Silts and clays allow water to migrate
above the water table
422
Drafting and redrafting a program until two parties agree, with a programmer acting as intermediary is known as
shuttle diplomacy
423
When two groups are very far apart in their opinions on an issue and there is a lot of contention ___ can be an effective process.
shuttle diplomacy
424
The phenomenon of "decision by deference" is known as __ and generally results in a mediocre product.
groupthink
425
___ and ___ are idea-generating processes.
brainstorming and lateral thinking
426
A ___ program provides raw data for analysis and development of a facilities program.
functional
427
A __ program considers scope, area requirements, adjacencies, costs, and site analysis.
facilities
428
Which approaches can be used to estimate the value of a parcel of land?
- assessment
- income
- market
- cost
income, market, cost
429
The intellectual, cultural, and artistic culture of a time and place is known as
zeitgeist
430
Which two "new towns" feature the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic?
Radburn, NJ and Reston, VA
431
Which US city was the first to establish a "historic district" to preserve endangered properties?
Charleston, SC (1931)
432
___ includes the salaries of people working on the job and their required benefits, plus overhead and profit.
multiple of direct personnel expense
433
A contractor's overhead and profit typically amount to what percentage of the construction cost?
15-40%
